Human Diseases Exam 1 Flashcards
learn the terms in 7 days
Health
Health is a state of complete physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual, social, environmental, and financial well-being, and does not consist only of absence of disease or infirmity.”
disease
“the inability of the body to adapt and return to homeostasis”
etiology
cause of disease
signs
what a physician can see or measure
symptoms
problems reported by patient
prognosis
expected outcomes
diagnosis
identification or naming a disease
patient history
- History of current illness
- Medical history
- Family history
- Social history
- Review of symptoms
congenital
• Exist at a state of birth: can be acquired through hereditary or acquired during development of uterus.
o Examples: tetralogy of Fallot (heart abnormality)
Degenerative diseases
• Function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over time
o Examples: arteriosclerosis, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer’s
Inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic
• Result abnormal immune function; infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and viruses
Neoplastic diseases
• Result from abnormal growth that leads to the formation of tumors
o Examples: lung cancer, malignant melanoma, breast cancer
Metabolic diseases
• Disruption of normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level
o Examples: diabetes, hypothyroidism, gigantism
Metabolic diseases
• Disruption of normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level
o Examples: diabetes, hypothyroidism, gigantism
Diagnostic tests
all diagnostic procedures not included in the basic physical examination. These include lab test, diagnostinc imaging, electrophysiologic measurements, endoscopy, etc
pathogenesis
process of how structural/functional changes causes disease/clinical manifestations
chapter 5 inflammation and repair
new chapter
innate immunity
–Quick response –Predetermined array of chemical or injury signals
adaptive immunity
–Slow but can adapt to changes never previously encountered by organism–Immune memory
acute inflammation
Earliest phase of the inflammatory response.
chronic inflammation
Cellular reaction leading to repair.
neutrophils
Cell is first line of defence, actively phagocytic.
macrophages/monocytes
Scavenger cell, eats debris from affected area. There cannot be healing with a lot of debris. (Example: it is a “Pac man” cell, eats all the debris)
Type of white blood cell. In chronic inflammation they produce chemical mediators of inflammation, clean up debris and begin healing process.
mast cells
filled with organelles of histamine which initiate the inflammatory process
lymphocytes
T and B cells
Immunologist
often referred to as allergists, are specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies, asthma and immune deficiency disorders. … The AAAAI’s Find an Allergist / Immunologist service is a trusted resource to help you find a specialist close to home.
histamine
Released by mast cells, acts as a vasodilater and increases vascular permeability
histamine
Released by mast cells, acts as a vasodilater and increases vascular permeability
vasodilator
A substance that dilates blood vessels.
Exudate:
The fluid, leukocytes, and debris that accumulate as a result of an inflammation.
Serous
Serous
Serous
Fluid-rich exudate
Purulent
Neutrophil-rich exudate (pus)
Fibrinous
Fibrin-rich exudate (fibrin derived from fibrinogen in the blood).
Bradykinin
A chemical mediator of inflammation derived from components in
the blood plasma.
complement
Group of proteins interact to produce by-products, some of
which act as mediators of inflammation
complement
Group of proteins interact to produce by-products, some of
which act as mediators of inflammation
chapter 6 Immunity, Hypersensitive, Allergy and autoimmune disease.
new chapter
Adaptive immunity
Immune response that can change based on intruding molecules.
Adaptive immunity
Immune response that can change based on intruding molecules.
second line of defense
Humoral
Immune response that attacks extracellular pathogens like bacteria. Responds to free antigen and relies on B cells and helper T cells. Produces antibodies.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Immune response that attacks intracellular pathogens via T cells. Respond to peptide antigens on cells like macrophages presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules rather than free antigen. Mainly target viruses, fungi, parasites, some bacteria, dysplastic cells, transplanted organs
The Role and Types of Lymphocytes
The key cells of the adaptive immune system are the lymphocyte (FIGURE 6-
1), which responds to foreign antigens, and the macrophages and related cells
that process the antigen and “present” it to the lymphocytes
The Role and Types of Lymphocytes
The key cells of the adaptive immune system are the lymphocyte (FIGURE 6-
1), which responds to foreign antigens, and the macrophages and related cells
that process the antigen and “present” it to the lymphocytes
antigens
Foreign substance
antibodies
Immunoglobulin molecule that can recognize a foreign substance.
Hypersensitivity
reaction: A state of abnormal reactivity to a foreign material
delayed: A state of abnormal reactivity to a foreign material
that takes time to develop
immunoglobulins
The class of proteins that includes antibodies
Interferon
A broad-spectrum antiviral agent manufactured by various cells in
the body.
The Role of Complement
Group of complement molecules that destroys the target
micro-organism or abnormal cell.
Interferon
Interferon is a general term for a group of carbohydrate-containing proteins
produced by cells in response to viral infection and was named from its ability
to “interfere” with viral multiplication
Immunodeficiency
Primary immunodeficiency diseases are the result of intrinsic congenital
defects that result in defects in the host immune response. Such defects may
be global and result in a total lack of immune responses (severe combined
immunodeficiency diseases [SCID])
Organ specific
Systemic lupus erythematosus•Systemic manifestations in various organs–Rheumatic fever•Inflammation in heart and joints–Glomerulonephritis•Inflammation in renal glomeruli
non-organ specific
Anemia– Thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)–Diffuse toxic goiter (hyperthyroidism)
Anaphylaxis
life threatening systemic hypersensitivity response that causes a fall in blood pressure and severe respiratory distress. Treated with epinephrine and other agents. Localized response: hay fever, food allergy (peanuts); systemic response: bee sting, penicillin allergy
Allergy
Individuals who develop localized IgE-mediated reactions are predisposed to
form specific IgE antibodies (become allergic) to ragweed, other plant pollens,
and various antigens that do not affect others, a process termed atopic allergy.
Athsma
defined by airway obstruction related to hyper-responsiveness of the
smooth muscles of the bronchi
Athsma
defined by airway obstruction related to hyper-responsiveness of the
smooth muscles of the bronchi
Failure of Tolerance
autoimmune disease
Pathogenic microorganisms chapter 8
new chapter
Bacteria: Gram stain reaction
Staining process used to identify bacteria
Staphylococci;
- gram positive cocci grapelike
- commonly found on skin and in nose of patients and in hospital patients
- Not pathogenic
- cause disease by producing toxins
- vomitting diarea and toxic shock
Streptococci;
- gram positive cocci arranged in chains or pairs
- normal inhabitants of skin, mouth, pharynzx, gut, female genital tract
- oppurtunistic organisms
Pneumococci;
- grow in pairs or short chains
2. common cause of bacteria pnemonea
Gram negative cocci
–Nonpathogenic members of the genus Neisseri
- Inhabit nasal passages
- Meningococcus: Causes meningitis
- Gonococcus: Causes gonorrhea
Gram-Positive Bacilli
- non-spore forming bacteria: listeria
2. spor-forming bacteria: Bacilli
Spiral Organisms
- Tightly coiled: Treponema pallidum
2. Relaxed coil: Borrelia
Acid-Fast Bacteria
a waxy capsule that resists staining
–Tuberculosis
- Leprosy
Antibiotic Treatment of Bacterial Infections
Antibiotics are substances that destroy bacteria or inhibit their growth. They
are useful clinically because of their ability to injure bacterial cells without
producing significant injury to the patient.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests
These tests measure, under
standardized conditions, the ability of the antibiotic to inhibit the growth of the
organism isolated from the patient.
Adverse Effects of Antibiotics
toxicity , hypersensitivity, and alteration of normal bacteria flora, and developement of resistant strains of bacteria
Chlamydiae
- gram negative
- nonmotile bacteria
- form inclusion bodies in infected cells
- have rigid cell wall
- no vaccine available
Rickettsiae;
rocky mountain spotted fever
Damage to small blood vessels of skin; leakage of blood into surrounding tissues (rash and edema)
Rickettsiae;
rocky mountain spotted fever
Damage to small blood vessels of skin; leakage of blood into surrounding tissues (rash and edema)
Rickettsialpox (mites
viruses
- classification
- capsid: protective protein membrane
- obligate intracellular parasites
- mode of action: invasion of susceptible cell
- bodily defenses agaisnt viral infections
bodily defenses against viral infections
- production of interferon
- activating humoral immunity
- activating cell mediated defense mechanisms
treatments with antiviral agents
page 337
Fungi:
plantlike organisms without chloryfyll
- two types: yeasts and molds
- most are obligate aerobes, oppurtunistic
- natural habitat, environment except candida
growth factors: high humidity, heart, dark areas with oxygen supply
Superficial Fungal Infections
The common superficial fungal infections of the skin are caused by a group of
fungi called dermatophytes. They cause itchy, scaling skin lesions on the
scalp and on other parts of the body
Systemic Fungal Infections
Chronic or progressive systemic fungal
infections are treated with various systemic antifungal antibiotics; local
superficial infections are treated topically.
chapter 9
new chapter
parasitic hosts
- not capable of free living-existance
- Have a complex life cycle
- Live within intestinal tract and discharge eggs in feces
- Transmission favored by poor sanitation, high temperature, humidity
- Common in tropical climates; less frequent in cold or temperate climates
animal parasites
Organisms adapted to living within or on body of another animal (host)
intermediate hosts
An immature form of parasite may spend part of its life cycle within the body of an animal or fish before taking residence in the final host
definitive host
The final host for parasites
Opportunistic Host:
When a parasite uses intermediate host that acts as a mode-of-transmission for the parasite (human body)
Protozoa
- Genital tract trichomonad:
- Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
- Sexual transmission
- Causes itching and irregular discharge - microscopic single cell organisms
- diseases: Malaria, amoebic dysentery, African sleeping sickness, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, Chagas disease
- Common in temperate or tropical climates
- Like bacteria, protozoa release toxins and enzymes that destroy cells or interfere with their functions
Metazoa infections
- three most roundworms that parasitize human beings
- ascaris
- fecal-oral contamination
- pinworm
- trichinella
- tapeworms
Arthropod infections
- transmitted by close physical contact, sexual contact
- scabies: Small parasite burrows in the superficial layers of the skin, where it lays eggs that hatch in a few days
- Crab louse: Lives in anal and genital hairs; causes intense itching
infections caused by protozoa
Malaria
Caused by various species of Plasmodium
- Parasitic disease transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito
- Breeds in swampy areas
- Originally thought to have been caused by “bad air” (malo – aria)
- Develops in liver & invades red blood cells which feed on hemoglobin which ultimately destroying red blood cells
infections caused by protozoa
Ambiasis
Single-celled organism spread through fecal-oral route
infections caused by protozoa
chagas disease
Caused by the protozoan
- Trypanosoma cruzi–Transmitted to humans by “kissing bugs”
- most common in central and south America
infections caused by protozoa
Leishmaniosis
- spread through the bite of certain types of sandflies
- the disease can be present in three main ways
- skin ulcers,
Metazoan Infections
Roundworms
Trichinella: Small roundworm that parasitizes humans and animals; most people become infected by eating improperly cooked pork
Giardias
- Caused by Giardia lamblia, infects small intestine
- Causes diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, nausea, gas, dehydration
- Nickname “Backpacker’s Disease”
- Fecal-Oral transmission
Toxoplasmosis
a disease caused by toxoplasmas and is transmitted through undercooked meat, or in soil or cat feces, symptoms generally unremarked for adults but can be dangerous to newborns
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidiosis, also known as crypto, is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a genus of protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the distal small intestine and can affect the respiratory tract in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, resulting in watery diarrhea with or without an unexplained cough. In immunosuppressed individuals, the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal.
metazoan infections
flukes
- Thick, fleshy, short worms with suckers that attach to the host
- Some live within the intestinal tract, liver, lungs, venous portal system; some (schistosomes) may infect skin
Arthropods
Scabies
Small parasite burrows in the superficial layers of the skin, where it lays eggs that hatch in a few days
Arthropods
Crab louse infestation
Lives in anal and genital hairs; causes intense itching
