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Component 3 Part 2 Eduqas Biology A Level > Human Digestive System > Flashcards

Human Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

salivary glands

A

Produce saliva

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2
Q

Oesophagus

A

Carries food from the mouth to the stomach

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3
Q

Stomach

A

Produces hydrochloric acid and takes part in mechanical digestion. Functions are the temporary storage of food, mixing of the stomach contents. pH is 1-2.5 (optimum for pepsin)

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4
Q

Pyloric sphincter muscle

A

Controls amount of food leaving the stomach by relaxing

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5
Q

The duodenum

A

Receives juices from the gallbladder and pancreas. Is the first part of the small intestine. First 20 cm of the small intestine

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6
Q

Ileum

A

Is where most digested food is absorbed and is the Third part of the small intestine

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7
Q

Bile duct

A

Takes bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum

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8
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes which pass into the duodenum and pancreatic juice

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9
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile

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10
Q

Colon

A

Water and mineral salts are absorbed from the colon along with vitamin secreted by microorganisms living in the colon. These bacteria are responsible for making vitamin K and folic acid. name for large intestine

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11
Q

Rectum

A

The food is in a semi solid state and consists of residues of undigested cellulose bacteria and sloughed (dead) cells . Stores waste faeces for several hours. Pooing is called defaecation

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12
Q

Anus

A

Controls the passing of faeces

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13
Q

What is another name for the gut?

A

The alimentary canal and this passes from the mouth to the anus

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14
Q

What process is happening along the alimentary canal?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion

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15
Q

Saliva

A

lubricates the food so that is easier to swallow and contains amylase

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16
Q

Bolus

A

A ball of partially digested food that travels down the oesophagus and then into the stomach.

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17
Q

Mechanical (physical) digestion

A

The physical breaking apart of food into smaller parts thereby increasing the surface area to volume ratio. This happens by the teeth and the churning of the stomach. Also the peristaltic action of muscular layers in the gut wall.

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18
Q

What are the layers of the gut?

A

There are four tissue layers surrounding the central cavity. Mucosa (on inside is layer of epithelium), submucosa , muscularis externa and serosa.

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19
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

A loose matrix of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and ganglia which are made up of the cell bodies of nerve cells. Digested food is transported away from the gut in the submucosa. The mucosa also includes the muscularis mucosa that goes right next to the mucosa and moves villi.

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20
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

The innermost layer of the gut wall . It has glands in and secretes mucus. It is folded to increase surface area into villi which have blood vessels and lacteals in them.

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21
Q

What is the muscularis externa?

A

It is a thick layer of Smooth muscle. In most regions of the gut it consists of two separate muscle layers - one longitudinal and one circular, at right angles to each other. These muscle layers force food along the gut by peristalsis.

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22
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Where the contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the muscularis externa contract behind the food bolus and relax ahead of it, forcing the bolus to move along the gut.

23
Q

How are circular and longitudinal muscles placed in relation to one another?

A

The circular muscle is on the inside, closer to the lumen.

24
Q

What order do the constituents of the structure of the gut will go in?

A

Lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (circular muscle & longitudinal), serosa

25
Q

What is the serosa?

A

Tough connective tissue that protects the gut wall from friction

26
Q

What goes between the muscle layers of the muscularis externa?

A

Connective tissue…?

27
Q

What is another name for the large intestine?

A

Colon

28
Q

Describe mechanical digestion in the buccal cavity

A

Food is broken up into small pieces by the chewing action of the teeth (mastication)

29
Q

What does saliva do and what is it made up of

A

It moistens food as it is 99.5% water. It is also made up of mineral salts which maintain slightly alkaline conditions of pH 6.5-7.5 (optimum for salivary amylase) with carbonate and bicarbonate, mucus which acts as a lubricant, lysozyme an enzyme which kills bacteria.

30
Q

Blood supply of the ileum

A

Good blood supply to it for transportation of products of digestion

31
Q

Mussels in ileum

A

Contains muscles for movement of food

32
Q

Length and mucosa of ileum

A

It is long at 6 metres and provides a large surface area for the absorption of digested food as the mucosa contains for villi and microvilli. The epithelium has many mitochondria so that they can generate ATP by aerobic respiration, enabling Active transport. The RER and Golgi apparatus enable the epithelial cells to make the channel and carrier membrane proteins needed to absorb polar food monomers.

33
Q

Gut wall structure of oesophagus

A

There are two muscle layers and the outer muscle is involved in peristalsis. The lining is made of flattened stratified epithelial cells and is several cells thick as the cells can be rubbed off by friction as the bolus passes. Suddenly you coats it is elastic allowing for expansion.

34
Q

Mucosa of oesophagus

A

There is a thick mucosa which allows for stretching as the bolus passes. There are mucus secreting cells in the mucosa which lubricate the bolus.

35
Q

Stomach mucosa

A

It contains enzymes and glands secreting mucus that protects the stomach from enzyme action and acid, as well as gastric glands which secrete acid and a protease enzyme called pepsin. The mucosa is folded to allow expansion - ridges called rigae. The dips between these ridges are called invaginations or gastric pits and at the bottom of them are the gastric glands.

36
Q

lining of the stomach

A

Not folded - No need for a large surface area. No microvilli

37
Q

Muscles of the stomach

A

There are three layers for churning circular, longitudinal and oblique (most inner)

38
Q

Duodenum lining

A

Mucosa has finger-like projections called villi giving the lining a large surface area. Villi epithelial cells have thin projections called microvilli and these form the brush border and further increase surface area. There are mucus secreting glands to protect the duodenum from acid damage. Also enzyme secreting in the base of villi invaginations.

39
Q

Duodenum mucosa

A

Contains glands for the secretion of enzymes and mucous. for example the mucosa contains troughs called ‘Crypts of Lieberkuhn’ and at the bottom of these are brunner’s glands which secrete alkaline juices.

40
Q

Peptic / chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen which is the inactive precursor to pepsin in the stomach.

41
Q

Oxyntic cells

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach which kills bacteria and provide an optimum pH for pepsin and activates pepsinogen into pepsin.

42
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus in the stomach which forms a protective layer on the stomach wall against pepsin and hydrochloric acid. It also aid in the movement of food

43
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Relaxes at the upper End to allow food to enter

44
Q

Rennin

A

Enzyme secreted in stomach that curdles milk - coagulates it meaning it turns it semi solid. The enzyme also makes the milk stay in the stomach for longer, maximizing the time available for digestion by pepsin. The enzyme is important for young mammals. Also called chymosin.

45
Q

What can the stomach absorb?

A

Alcohol, aspirin, water, salts

46
Q

gastric glands structure

A

Epithelial cells lining and goblet cells at the tops of the pits (secreting mucus) to protect the glands.

47
Q

Bile

A

Bile emulsifies fats to increase the surface area of lipids for lipase to act on. It is not a part of chemical digestion. Aids in neutralising the stomach acid as enters the duodenum. Contains salts which are amphipathic -molecules have hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

48
Q

What is absorbed in the ileum?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and fatty acids

49
Q

How does semi digested food move throughout the small intestine?

A

Peristalsis

50
Q

What are the four main section of the large intestine?

A

Caecum, appendix, colon rectum

51
Q

Naming the colon

A

Ascending is the bit travelling upwards, transverse is the horizontal part, descending is the bit going down.

52
Q

Where is most water absorbed?

A

In the ileum. The colon absorbs the remaining water after that.

53
Q

Where in the digestive system do microorganisms secrete vitamins?

A

The ileum and large intestine.

Component 3 Part 2 Eduqas Biology A Level (7 decks)

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