human development - pies Flashcards
physical development can be divided into?
growth - persons size, weight, height etc
motor development - ability to make movements
what are the two parts of motor development?
gross motor development
fine motor movements
what is gross motor development ?
development of late muscles to make whole body movements - running, jumping
allows mobility
what is fine motor movement?
precise muscle movements using fewer muscle groups - picking up a pencil
what is development measured in?
milestones
what are milestones?
average times at which a person will reach or acquire a specific skill
what happens at 1 month?
gross motor development
- large jerky movements
- head falls forward when held in sitting position
- makes reflex stepping movements when held in standing position
what happens at 3 months?
gross motor development
- smoother limb movements
- kicks vigorously
- lifts head and upper chest using forearms if placed downwards on face
- sags at knees when held in standing position
what happens at 6 months?
gross motor development
- lifts legs and grasps foot
- sits with support
- holds arms up to be lifted
- can roll over front to back
- bears weight on feet and bounces if held in standing position
- when held in sitting position, head is firmly erect and straight back
9 months?
gross motor development
- sits alone
- can turn body to look sideways
- attempts to crawl
- pulls self into standing position with support
- steps purposely if held in standing position
12 months?
gross motor development
- can rise to sitting position from lying down
- may walk alone
- walks with one or both hands held
15 months?
gross motor development
- walks unevenly, feet wide apart, arms to help balance
- bumps into furniture
- crawls upstairs
- kneels
- stoops to pick up toys
18 months?
gross motor development
- walks well and starts safely
- runs
- pushes/pulls large toys around floor
- walks upstairs with help
- creeps backwards downstairs
- can carry a large toy while walking
2 years?
gross motor development
- runs safely
- walks while pulling a large toy
- climbs on furniture to reach things
- walks up and down stairs holding rail
- throws a small ball
- sits on large toys and propels them forwards with feet on ground
3 years?
gross motor development
- walks upstairs alone - jumps from bottom step coming down
- can walk on tiptoes
- can turn around obstacles and corners whilst running and pushing large toys
- rides tricycle
- sits with feet crossed at ankles
4 years?
gross motor development
- climbs ladders and toys
- can run on tiptoes
- hops on one foot
- expert tricycle rider
5 years?
gross motor development
- runs lightly on tiptoes
- dances to music
- skips on alternate feet
- can stand in one foot and hop
- active and skilful at activities such as climbing, sliding and swinging
what are fine motor skills?
physical skills
involve use of hands, fingers and thumbs
use of these gradually increases as the child gains greater control of their body
what happens at 3-9 months?
fine motor skills
3- grasping
4- playing with fingers and toes
6- handling and holding toys and objects
6-9 - attempting to move toys from hand to hand
10 months?
fine motor skills development
10- able to pick up small objects between finger and thumb - pincer grasp
what happens at development continues?
fine motor skills development
6-9- pulling toys towards themselves 6-9 clapping and waving 9-12 - picking up objects 9-12 pointing at objects of interest 18- making attempts to feed themselves
development of fine motor skills in toddlers?
12- pushing and pulling wheeled toys
18- turning book pages
18- holding crayon , clumsy (primitive) grasp
fine motor skills development in children?
3 years - catching and throwing ball
3-4 years - using scissors with control
3-4 years - develop pencil skills (with tripod grasp)
4 years - threading beads - early sewing skills
what is the first stage of developing the skills to be able to hold a pencil?
- grasp with whole hand, grasping anything near e.g. shirt, mums clothes, blanket
called the palmar grasp
what is the second stage of developing the skills to be able to hold a pencil?
- between 10-12 months - start to use index finger and thumb to pick up small objects
called pincer grasp
important to check unsuitable objects are out of way incase put in their mouth
what is the third stage of developing the skills to be able to hold a pencil?
- as toddlers use crayons, hold them awkwardly in a clumsy primitive grasp
what is the fourth stage of developing the skills to be able to hold a pencil?
- eventually with encouragement, children develop control of hand, fingers and thumb to hold a pencil
called a tripod grasp
helps to use scissors with control
what is intellectual development?
developing thinking abilities
includes remembering things, speaking and understanding language, problem solving, decision making and learning concepts
what are concepts?
height and size, right or wrong, numbers, colours, time, shape, weight, money, living/non-living
what does emotional development involve?
developing positive and negative feelings about everyday situations
includes the development of self concept
what is self concept?
the beliefs a person has about them self. includes self esteem
what is self esteem?
a persons beliefs about their own value
what is social development
developing the skills and routines that enable people to get along with eachther - manners , sharing
physical development in infancy
grow very fast
- 50cm at birth, 75cm by 1 year
-3kg weight at birth, 8kg at one year
milk teeth appear at 6 months, replaced with adult teeth later
what is growth measured in?
percentile charts- contain an average range of growth
above or below needs attention
intellectual development of infancy?
most important lifestage for learning
learn through play, copying, imitation, trial and error
language skills develop e.g. naming objects, following simple commands, simple sentences, questions, understanding
thinking skills - concepts
emotional development in infancy
show positive and negative emotions from birth - crying, smiling
2 years- have tantrums
what are tantrums?
when they can’t control their feelings so can’t express themselves
what is the best way to control tantrums
distraction - short attention span
what begins to develop in infancy?
emotional development
self concept
18 months - recognise pictures of selves at the time
can’t see past or future
what is an important event in emotional development?
attachment - 7 months - 1 year
develop strong attachment to primary carer
any separation causes major upset
what is also used to mean attachment
bonding - security with one person to become more confident with moving away and exploring world
attachment is important for self esteem and confidence in themselves
social development in infancy?
develops in the first few weeks of life
infants like to look at faces rather than objects
as attachment develops, security of knowing someone is near allows the child to play on its own
physical development in childhood
child continues to grow and gain weight at a slow rate
bladder control is complete
milk teeth replaced by permanent teeth - 12 years or later
gross motor development in childhood
better co ordination and mobility- can jump, hop, ride a bike
balance, sight, strength increases as does stamina
fine motor development in childhood
control over small movements increases
can draw recognisable objects
can catch a ball and use household objects - tin openers
intellectual development in childhood
develop curiosity and learn about the world
want to find out information
like stories and using their imagination
vocabulary increases
learn to read and write
develop problem solving skills - simple maths problems
understand rules of games and other points of view
remember things - birthdays
remember earlier experiences 3 years earliest memory of themselves
emotional development in childhood
better at controlling emotions
express and hide emotions better - trip up, make a decision to cry or not
develop autonomy and independence
cope with separations for a short period of time
develop empathy and sensitivity to others feelings
self concept develops to include abilities of themselves e.g. sports
social development in childhood
further their ability to share, take turns and co operate
attachment starts to divide as friendships develop
begin to have special friends but friendships don’t last long
what are the two important aspects of growth during physical development in adolescents
adolescent growth spurt
puberty
what happens in the adolescent growth spurt
very fast growth growth - height
girls - 10 years and peaks at 12
boys- 12-15years
growth of muscles follow later
growth of arms and legs is rapid - quickly outgrow clothes
girls - hips become wider
boys- shoulders become broader, greater muscle development than girls
what happens in puberty
become more sexually mature - able to reproduce
the result of growth linked to the increased production of sex hormones
what do the sex hormones include?
oestrogen and progesterone - present more in girls than boys
testosterone - present more in boys than girls
what happens in puberty for girls
- increased size of vagina
- menstruation
- ovulation
what happens in puberty for boys?
- increase in size of testes and penis
- erection
- sperm production
girls secondary sexual characteristics
- breasts develop
- public hair
boys secondary sexual characteristics
- facial hair
- voice breaking
- pubic hair
motor development in adolescents
increase in strength, stamina, co ordination and motor skills - particularly if they practice
highly technical gross motor skills developed - dance, rock climbing
technical fine motor skills develop - instrument, hair dressing
intellectual development in adolescents
problem solving skills develop into solving hypothetical problems - algebra
ability to convent increases
language skills continue to improve - organise information to give long speech
learning continues
strategies for learning information are used
some loose curiosity to learnt hat they had as a child
emotional development in adolescents
-body image becomes more important in self concept
-self consciousness develops
- over react in situations - mood swings
- gradually rely less on parents, more on friends for emotional support
- attachment reduces
-autonomy (independence) increases
can lead to dislike of being controlled by others - challenging authorities
-powerful sexual feelings due to puberty
what is body image
the beliefs a person has about their own body shape and size
different body images - reduce self confidence and self esteem
what does self consciousness mean
when a person begins to think about what other people may be thinking about them
can be embarrassing
blushing and shyness can be a problem
why do mood swings happen
because of emotional over reactions which happen party because of the actions of hormones
social development in adolescents
-social skills increase, can still experience social awkwardness
-can still upset/offend people - lack of ability to see the effects of actions
-friendships become deeper and longer lasting - more often to talk to them
-increase in circle of friends- based in interests - sport, music
- develop relationships with people - boyfriends/girlfriends due to sexual attraction
often quite brief
physical development in adulthood
growth
don’t increase in height
can gain weight due to increase in body fats
in more active adults- weight gain due to muscle growth
eyesight gets poorer- need glasses
some men loose hair from scalp
towards end of stage - hair on head usually turns grey
the menopause
at the end of adulthood - 45-55 years women end of women's ability to conceive stop producing eggs and stop ovulating stop menstruating and are infertile side effects : hot flushes, night sweats mood swings , headaches
what are hot flushes
sudden increases in temperature - 5 minutes
why do headaches happen in menopause
change of production of sex hormones - les oestrogen and progesterone
do men have male hormones
no, become less fertile as older
no sudden end to fertility
some loose ability to have erections (impotence)
some loose sexual motivation/interest in partners
who are more likely to become impotent
overweight, alcoholics, smoke heavily
motor development in adulthood
early in adulthood- increase in strength, stamina and co ordination
around 30- these feature decline
motor skills used in everyday situations are fault well maintained in healthy adults
end of adulthood- joints become less flexible feel stiffer
intellectual development in adulthood
learn little compared to children - loose curiosity
intellectual skills tend to decrease
exceptions : young adults in uni, scientists
practical knowledge and experience of situations increases
enables more sensible decisions
what is experience built up over years sometimes called ?
wisdom
emotional development in adulthood
self concept continues to develop- family, work and achievements important features
less self conscious than adolescents, gain confidence with experience
concern with body image less than adolescents- long term stable relationships
more emotionally stable, better at controlling feelings
social development in adulthood
early adulthood- form long term partnerships : based on sexual relationships
lot of people have children, develop skills needed to look after them
parents form strong bond with child - love, strong urge to protect
develop relationships with people at work- friendships
with experience, social skills e.g. leadership increase
physical development in later adulthood
growth
no growth occurs
get smaller because discs in the spine thin and dry out
bones become brittle - falls more likely result in broken bones
weight usually reduces - loss of muscle and fat
blood pressure increases, as well as risk of strokes and heart disease
more likely to get infections - immune system not as good
skin becomes thinner and less elastic
wrinkles
liver spots
more likely to bruise
hair becomes thinner and turns white
loss of teeth and hearing
urinate more
long sighted
sense of taste and smell reduce
physical development in later adulthood
motor development
loss of motor skills rather than development
reduced strength, stamina, flexibility - weaker and less agile
reduced mobility / problems walking more common
slower reaction times
changes mean they are more likely to trip or fall
what is a stroke
leakage of blood in the brain
intellectual development in later adulthood
little to no intellectual development
loss of thinking, problem solving, language skills and memory
find it hard to adapt to new situations and ideas
slow in thought, lose a train of thought, forget things
action slips -pouring tea into milk jug
less short term memory , more long term memory
alzheimer’s- remember things from long ago
what do many people do after retirement?
intellectual development
continue to learn and take up new interests
activities that require problem solving - crosswords, board games - reduce or delay intellectual decline
if continue working - use wisdom
emotional development in later adulthood
retirement - less valued, wondering what purpose their life can serve
for some , job is important for self concept- retirement is a loss/ reduce self esteem
loss of confidence, especially if can’t do things for themselves
some carry on long term sexual relationships - enjoyment
seth of partner is likely - upsetting , isolated and lonely
social development in later adulthood
friendship circle become smaller - death of friends, retirement homes
leave the house less - reduced mobility and increased weakness
social isolation -loss of social skills
selfishness increases - harder to make friends, friendships less satisfying
lunch clubs day centres - reduce isolation , make friends
