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LSW Exam > Human Development, Diversity, Behavior in Environment > Flashcards

Human Development, Diversity, Behavior in Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Social Development Theory

A

WHO: Erickson

WHAT: 8 stages where personality develops, each stage is indicative of a crisis that needs to be resolved, can be resolved in order or over time

  1. Trust vs Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
  8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
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2
Q

Cognitive Development Theory

A

WHO: Piaget

WHAT: children learn by interacting with their environment and with others

  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete Operations
  4. Formal Operations
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3
Q

Moral Development Theory

A

WHO: Kohlberg

WHAT: moral development parallels cognitive development, stages must be achieved in order and cannot be skipped

  1. Preconventional (0-9)
  2. Conventional (early teens)
  3. Post Conventional (adult)
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4
Q

4 Learning Theories Orientations

A
  1. Behavioral - Pavlov, Skinner
  2. Cognitive - Piaget
  3. Humanistic - Maslow
  4. Social/Situational - Bandura
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5
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

Automatic, involuntary responses

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6
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Voluntary, controlled by the consequenes of the environment

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

(aka Respondent Conditioning)

Pavlov

Pairing an unconditioned stimulus with conditioned stimulus –> bell + food = salivation

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8
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Skinner

Antecedent and consequences predict behavior

Antecedent — Behavior — Consequence

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9
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increases behavior probability by introducing praise or treats

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10
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Increases behavior probability by removing an aversive stimulus (ex: washing dishes so your parents don’t get you in trouble)

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11
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Decreases behavior by introducing a negative stimulus (ex: shock collar every time a dog barks)

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12
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Decreases behavior by removing a positive stimulus (ex: not paying attention to a dog when it jumps on you)

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13
Q

Biofeedback

A

Teaching client how to control functions like hr, bp, temperature of muscle tension

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14
Q

Extinction

A

Withholding a reinforcer until the behavior disappears

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15
Q

In vivo desensitization

A

Pairing and moving through a hierarchy of anxiety from least to most anxiety provoking in real settings

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16
Q

Shaping

A

Training a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing

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17
Q

Ethnicity

A

Idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group that may share culture, religion, race, language or place of origin. You can share the same race but have different ethnicities.

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18
Q

Race

A

Not a fixed concept; related to a particular social, historical and geographical context

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19
Q

Classical Model of Cultural, Racial and Ethnic Identity Development

A

Preencounter
Encounter
Immersion-Emersion
Internalization and Commitment

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20
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Deficiency Needs - (basic needs) - physiological, safety, social, esteem
Growth Needs - (come from a place of growth rather than lacking) - self actualization

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21
Q

Attachment Theory

A

Bowlby

Connections between human beings can be understood within an evolutionary context where a caregiver provides safety and other basic needs to the child

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22
Q

Gerontology

A

Work with aging and elderly adults

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23
Q

Biological Personality Theories

A

Genetics determine personality

24
Q

Behavioral Personality Theories

A

Personality results from the person interacting with his or her environment

25
Q

Psychodynamic Personaity Theories

A

Emphasis on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences the role they play in personality development

26
Q

Humanist Personality Theories

A

Emphasis on free will and individual experiences; emphasis on self-actualization as innate to personal growth and achievement

**Strength perspective originates from here - based on the assumption that clients have the capacity to grow, change and adapt

27
Q

Trait Personality Theories

A

Personality is made up of a number of broad traits and these cause people to behave in certain ways

28
Q

Conflict Theories

A

Karl Marx

Society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources

29
Q

Family Life Cycle

A
  1. Family of origin experiences - relationships, education, foundations for family life
  2. Leaving home - leaving home and developing more adult relationships with parents, developing intimate relationships, beginning work
  3. Premarriage stage - selecting a partner, developing the relationship, establishing a home
  4. Childless couple stage - living together physically and emotionally, adjusting relationships with each others’ families
  5. Family with young children - having kids, becoming parents, grandparenting relationships, peer relationships between kids
  6. Family with adolescents - adjusting to teenagers and those relationships, caring for grandparents/families of origin
  7. Launching children - children leave the house, readjusting the couple’s relationship, death and disabilities
  8. Later family life - dealing with psychological and physical decline and death, preparign fr death…
30
Q

Couples Development

A

Stages not linear, can occur in different order

  1. Romantic
  2. Power struggle
  3. Stability
  4. Commitment
  5. Co-creation
31
Q

System and Ecological Perspectives

A

A system is a whole comprised of workin parts

When one thing changes within a system, the whole system is affected

Systems work towards equilibrium and can have closed or open boundaries

32
Q

Closed system

A

Uses up its energy and dies

33
Q

Differentiation

A

Becoming specialized in structure and function

34
Q

Entropy

A

Disorder

35
Q

Equifinality

A

Arriving at the same end from different beginnings

36
Q

Negative entropy

A

opposite tendency of entropy - maintains or increases the order or agreement within the system

37
Q

Open system

A

Has cross-boundary exchange

38
Q

Suprasystem

A

Entity that’s served by a number of component systems organized in interacting relationships

39
Q

Role theories

A

**When assessing, social workers view problems as differences between clients’ behaviors and the expectations of others within regard to roles

40
Q

Stages of group development

A
  1. Preaffiliation - forming trust
  2. Power and control - struggle for autonomy and group identity
  3. Intimacy - utilizing self in service of group
  4. Differentiation - acceptance of each other as distinct individuals
  5. Separation/termination
41
Q

Crisis intervention steps

A
  1. Conduct a thorough assessment, including for immediate danger
  2. Make contact and rapidly build collaborative relationship (can be part of the assessment)
  3. Identify major problems, including what precipitated the crisis
  4. Explore feelings and emotions
  5. Generate and explore alternatives and new coping strategies
  6. Restore functioning through implementation of an action plan
  7. Plan follow-up
42
Q

Ecological perspective

A

Rooted in systems theory where coping is a transactional process that reflects the “PIE” relationship (person-in-environment relationship)

43
Q

PIE theory

A

Person In Environment Theory

understanding human behavior in light of the environmental contexts in which the client operates

Common alternative to the disease and moral models

Client centered rather than agency centered approach

44
Q

2 types of communication

A

manifest - concrete words, terms contained in communication

latent - what is not visible, underlying meaning of words or terms

45
Q

Psychodynamic Aprpoach

A

Explains origin of personality, emphasis on unconscious thoughts and motives and desires, as well as importance of childhood experiences

46
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Freud - client is the product of his past, treatment is dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious

Conflict arises when clients try to resolve sexual and aggressive impulses versus societal demands to restrain these impulses

47
Q

3 levels of awareness

A

Preconscious - outside of the client’s awareness but readily accessible if needed

Conscious - all the info the client is paying attention to

Unconscious - thoughts, desires and feelings the client is not aware of, but they influence the behavior

48
Q

3 personality components

A

Id - instinctual, focus on survival, sex and aggression, unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principal to achieve pleasure or to avoid pain

Ego - manages conflicts between Id and constraints of the real world; can be conscious, unconscious or preconscious, operates according to the reality principle

Superego - moral component of the personality, learned from parents and society, forces ego to conform to reality, causes clients to feel guilt

49
Q

Syntonic

A

In sync with the ego - NO guilt

50
Q

Dystonic

A

Not in sync with the ego - Guilt

51
Q

Psychosexual stages of development

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
52
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to progress from one stage to the other; unresolved conflict (psychosexual theory)

53
Q

Individual Psychology

A

Adler

main motivations are not aggression or sexual urges, but rather striving for perfection

54
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

Margaret Mahler

centered on relationships with others including objects; relationship skills are rooted in attachment

55
Q

Stages of Grief

A

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

  1. Denial
  2. Anger
  3. Bargaining
  4. Depression
  5. Acceptance

**Hope is not a stage, possible at every stage

56
Q

Static risk factors

A

Cannot be changed by interventions such as past history of violent behavior or demographics

57
Q

Dynamic risk factors

A

Can be changed by interventions such as living situation, treatment of psychiatric symptoms, abstaining from substance use, access to weapons and so on

LSW Exam (5 decks)

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