Human Development, Diversity, Behavior in Environment Flashcards
Social Development Theory
WHO: Erickson
WHAT: 8 stages where personality develops, each stage is indicative of a crisis that needs to be resolved, can be resolved in order or over time
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Cognitive Development Theory
WHO: Piaget
WHAT: children learn by interacting with their environment and with others
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operations
- Formal Operations
Moral Development Theory
WHO: Kohlberg
WHAT: moral development parallels cognitive development, stages must be achieved in order and cannot be skipped
- Preconventional (0-9)
- Conventional (early teens)
- Post Conventional (adult)
4 Learning Theories Orientations
- Behavioral - Pavlov, Skinner
- Cognitive - Piaget
- Humanistic - Maslow
- Social/Situational - Bandura
Respondent Behavior
Automatic, involuntary responses
Operant Behavior
Voluntary, controlled by the consequenes of the environment
Classical Conditioning
(aka Respondent Conditioning)
Pavlov
Pairing an unconditioned stimulus with conditioned stimulus –> bell + food = salivation
Operant Conditioning
Skinner
Antecedent and consequences predict behavior
Antecedent — Behavior — Consequence
Positive Reinforcement
Increases behavior probability by introducing praise or treats
Negative Reinforcement
Increases behavior probability by removing an aversive stimulus (ex: washing dishes so your parents don’t get you in trouble)
Positive Punishment
Decreases behavior by introducing a negative stimulus (ex: shock collar every time a dog barks)
Negative Punishment
Decreases behavior by removing a positive stimulus (ex: not paying attention to a dog when it jumps on you)
Biofeedback
Teaching client how to control functions like hr, bp, temperature of muscle tension
Extinction
Withholding a reinforcer until the behavior disappears
In vivo desensitization
Pairing and moving through a hierarchy of anxiety from least to most anxiety provoking in real settings
Shaping
Training a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing
Ethnicity
Idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group that may share culture, religion, race, language or place of origin. You can share the same race but have different ethnicities.
Race
Not a fixed concept; related to a particular social, historical and geographical context
Classical Model of Cultural, Racial and Ethnic Identity Development
Preencounter
Encounter
Immersion-Emersion
Internalization and Commitment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Deficiency Needs - (basic needs) - physiological, safety, social, esteem
Growth Needs - (come from a place of growth rather than lacking) - self actualization
Attachment Theory
Bowlby
Connections between human beings can be understood within an evolutionary context where a caregiver provides safety and other basic needs to the child
Gerontology
Work with aging and elderly adults
Biological Personality Theories
Genetics determine personality
Behavioral Personality Theories
Personality results from the person interacting with his or her environment
Psychodynamic Personaity Theories
Emphasis on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences the role they play in personality development
Humanist Personality Theories
Emphasis on free will and individual experiences; emphasis on self-actualization as innate to personal growth and achievement
**Strength perspective originates from here - based on the assumption that clients have the capacity to grow, change and adapt
Trait Personality Theories
Personality is made up of a number of broad traits and these cause people to behave in certain ways
Conflict Theories
Karl Marx
Society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources
Family Life Cycle
- Family of origin experiences - relationships, education, foundations for family life
- Leaving home - leaving home and developing more adult relationships with parents, developing intimate relationships, beginning work
- Premarriage stage - selecting a partner, developing the relationship, establishing a home
- Childless couple stage - living together physically and emotionally, adjusting relationships with each others’ families
- Family with young children - having kids, becoming parents, grandparenting relationships, peer relationships between kids
- Family with adolescents - adjusting to teenagers and those relationships, caring for grandparents/families of origin
- Launching children - children leave the house, readjusting the couple’s relationship, death and disabilities
- Later family life - dealing with psychological and physical decline and death, preparign fr death…
Couples Development
Stages not linear, can occur in different order
- Romantic
- Power struggle
- Stability
- Commitment
- Co-creation
System and Ecological Perspectives
A system is a whole comprised of workin parts
When one thing changes within a system, the whole system is affected
Systems work towards equilibrium and can have closed or open boundaries
Closed system
Uses up its energy and dies
Differentiation
Becoming specialized in structure and function
Entropy
Disorder
Equifinality
Arriving at the same end from different beginnings
Negative entropy
opposite tendency of entropy - maintains or increases the order or agreement within the system
Open system
Has cross-boundary exchange
Suprasystem
Entity that’s served by a number of component systems organized in interacting relationships
Role theories
**When assessing, social workers view problems as differences between clients’ behaviors and the expectations of others within regard to roles
Stages of group development
- Preaffiliation - forming trust
- Power and control - struggle for autonomy and group identity
- Intimacy - utilizing self in service of group
- Differentiation - acceptance of each other as distinct individuals
- Separation/termination
Crisis intervention steps
- Conduct a thorough assessment, including for immediate danger
- Make contact and rapidly build collaborative relationship (can be part of the assessment)
- Identify major problems, including what precipitated the crisis
- Explore feelings and emotions
- Generate and explore alternatives and new coping strategies
- Restore functioning through implementation of an action plan
- Plan follow-up
Ecological perspective
Rooted in systems theory where coping is a transactional process that reflects the “PIE” relationship (person-in-environment relationship)
PIE theory
Person In Environment Theory
understanding human behavior in light of the environmental contexts in which the client operates
Common alternative to the disease and moral models
Client centered rather than agency centered approach
2 types of communication
manifest - concrete words, terms contained in communication
latent - what is not visible, underlying meaning of words or terms
Psychodynamic Aprpoach
Explains origin of personality, emphasis on unconscious thoughts and motives and desires, as well as importance of childhood experiences
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud - client is the product of his past, treatment is dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious
Conflict arises when clients try to resolve sexual and aggressive impulses versus societal demands to restrain these impulses
3 levels of awareness
Preconscious - outside of the client’s awareness but readily accessible if needed
Conscious - all the info the client is paying attention to
Unconscious - thoughts, desires and feelings the client is not aware of, but they influence the behavior
3 personality components
Id - instinctual, focus on survival, sex and aggression, unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principal to achieve pleasure or to avoid pain
Ego - manages conflicts between Id and constraints of the real world; can be conscious, unconscious or preconscious, operates according to the reality principle
Superego - moral component of the personality, learned from parents and society, forces ego to conform to reality, causes clients to feel guilt
Syntonic
In sync with the ego - NO guilt
Dystonic
Not in sync with the ego - Guilt
Psychosexual stages of development
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
Fixation
Inability to progress from one stage to the other; unresolved conflict (psychosexual theory)
Individual Psychology
Adler
main motivations are not aggression or sexual urges, but rather striving for perfection
Object Relations Theory
Margaret Mahler
centered on relationships with others including objects; relationship skills are rooted in attachment
Stages of Grief
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
**Hope is not a stage, possible at every stage
Static risk factors
Cannot be changed by interventions such as past history of violent behavior or demographics
Dynamic risk factors
Can be changed by interventions such as living situation, treatment of psychiatric symptoms, abstaining from substance use, access to weapons and so on
