Human Development, Diversity, Behavior in Environment Flashcards
Social Development Theory
WHO: Erickson
WHAT: 8 stages where personality develops, each stage is indicative of a crisis that needs to be resolved, can be resolved in order or over time
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Cognitive Development Theory
WHO: Piaget
WHAT: children learn by interacting with their environment and with others
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operations
- Formal Operations
Moral Development Theory
WHO: Kohlberg
WHAT: moral development parallels cognitive development, stages must be achieved in order and cannot be skipped
- Preconventional (0-9)
- Conventional (early teens)
- Post Conventional (adult)
4 Learning Theories Orientations
- Behavioral - Pavlov, Skinner
- Cognitive - Piaget
- Humanistic - Maslow
- Social/Situational - Bandura
Respondent Behavior
Automatic, involuntary responses
Operant Behavior
Voluntary, controlled by the consequenes of the environment
Classical Conditioning
(aka Respondent Conditioning)
Pavlov
Pairing an unconditioned stimulus with conditioned stimulus –> bell + food = salivation
Operant Conditioning
Skinner
Antecedent and consequences predict behavior
Antecedent — Behavior — Consequence
Positive Reinforcement
Increases behavior probability by introducing praise or treats
Negative Reinforcement
Increases behavior probability by removing an aversive stimulus (ex: washing dishes so your parents don’t get you in trouble)
Positive Punishment
Decreases behavior by introducing a negative stimulus (ex: shock collar every time a dog barks)
Negative Punishment
Decreases behavior by removing a positive stimulus (ex: not paying attention to a dog when it jumps on you)
Biofeedback
Teaching client how to control functions like hr, bp, temperature of muscle tension
Extinction
Withholding a reinforcer until the behavior disappears
In vivo desensitization
Pairing and moving through a hierarchy of anxiety from least to most anxiety provoking in real settings
Shaping
Training a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing
Ethnicity
Idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group that may share culture, religion, race, language or place of origin. You can share the same race but have different ethnicities.
Race
Not a fixed concept; related to a particular social, historical and geographical context
Classical Model of Cultural, Racial and Ethnic Identity Development
Preencounter
Encounter
Immersion-Emersion
Internalization and Commitment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Deficiency Needs - (basic needs) - physiological, safety, social, esteem
Growth Needs - (come from a place of growth rather than lacking) - self actualization
Attachment Theory
Bowlby
Connections between human beings can be understood within an evolutionary context where a caregiver provides safety and other basic needs to the child
Gerontology
Work with aging and elderly adults