Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment Flashcards
Kohlberg stage of development: Preconventional
0-9 no personal code of morality morals shaped by adults, punishment=bad reward=good
individualism and exchange
Kohlberg stage of development: Conventional
Adolescents and adults, acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong, reasoning is based on norms of group to which the person belongs, maintain social order
Kohlberg stage of development: Postconventional
abstract understanding of universal ethical principles, self chosen principles, individual rights and justice, social contract of rights
Radical Feminism
Gender roles are socially constructed, and are used to give men more power than women.
Liberal Feminism
men and women share a common human nature despite their outward differences
socialist feminism
human nature is socially constructed through the interaction of capitalism and patriarchy
Conservative Feminism
women have a personal responsibility to gain their own power.
dynamic risk factors for violence
based on a changeable factor, such as substance abuse.
Systems Theory: Suprasystem
entity that is served by a number of smaller, component systems and produces output based on that relationship.
Systems Theory: open system
one in which there are exchanges within and without the system.
Systems Theory: Subsystem
smaller component of a larger system.
Systems Theory: Equifinality
phenomenon of arriving at the same end through different beginnings.
Covert Discrimination
concealed or hidden.
Couples development theory: romance
learn about common interests, focus is attatchment
Couples development theory: power struggle
see and realize differences, focus is defining oneself and managing conflict which threatens intimacy
Couples development theory: stability
redirection of personal attention, time, activities away from partner’s and toward one’s self, seen as mature relationship, personal needs that are respectful of others
Couples development theory: reproachment
crisis threatens identity and seperateness, companionship intimacy (comfort and support)
Couples development theory: commitment
embracing reality that both partners are human resulting in shortcomings, good outweighs the bad
Couples development theory: co creation
constancy, each partner values separateness of each other, work on projects together (businesses, families)
Erik Erikson Theory of social development
Personality develops throughout life course, 8 stages, learn how to behave and interact relying on mangaging feelings, development processes need to benefit people
Jean Piaget cognitive developmental theory
children learn through interacting with their environment, 4 stages sensorimotor(begin intentional actions, play is imitative, object meanings), preoperational(concrete thinking, comprehend past/present/future), Concrete Operations ( abstract thought, games with rules, reversible thinking), Formal Operations ( planning for furture, assume adult roles)
Pavlov
Behaviorist, learning is change in behavior and stimuli in external environment
Skinner
Behaviorist, learning is change in behavior and stimuli in external environment
Maslow
Humanistic, learning is person’s activities aimed at reaching full potential
Bandura
Social/situational theory , learning is obtained between people, environments, interactions, and observations
respondent behavior
involuntary behavior that is automatically elicited by certain behavior, stimulus elicits response
Operant behavior
voluntary behavior controlled by consequences in the environment
Positive reinforcement
praise, reward promote positive behavior
negative reinforcement
behavior increases because negative stimulus is removed
positive punishment
presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing behavior (implementing consequence)
negative punishment
removal of desired stimulus following behavior to decrease behavior (removing reward)
Attachment theory
john bowlby, lasting psychologcial connectedness beween human beings, evolutionary context in which cargiver provides safety and security
conflict theory
Karl Marx, society is fragmented in group that compete for social and economic resources
authoritarian parenting
strict rules established by parents, failure to follow results in punishment, leads to obedience but lower happiness
authoritative parenting
rules and guidelines are democratic in nature, listens to questions of children, forgive failure to follow, leads to happy, capable, successful children
Permissive Parenting
few demands on children, rare discipline, friend more than parent
Leads to low happiness and self regulation, problems with authority in future
Uninvolved Parenting
few demands on children, little communication
Leads to lack of self control, low self esteem, less competent
