Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Question 1

Kohlberg stage of development: Preconventional

Answer 1

0-9 no personal code of morality morals shaped by adults, punishment=bad reward=good
individualism and exchange

Question 2

Kohlberg stage of development: Conventional

Answer 2

Adolescents and adults, acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong, reasoning is based on norms of group to which the person belongs, maintain social order

Question 3

Kohlberg stage of development: Postconventional

Answer 3

abstract understanding of universal ethical principles, self chosen principles, individual rights and justice, social contract of rights

Question 4

Radical Feminism

Answer 4

Gender roles are socially constructed, and are used to give men more power than women.

Question 5

Liberal Feminism

Answer 5

men and women share a common human nature despite their outward differences

Question 6

socialist feminism

Answer 6

human nature is socially constructed through the interaction of capitalism and patriarchy

Question 7

Conservative Feminism

Answer 7

women have a personal responsibility to gain their own power.

Question 8

dynamic risk factors for violence

Answer 8

based on a changeable factor, such as substance abuse.

Question 9

Systems Theory: Suprasystem

Answer 9

entity that is served by a number of smaller, component systems and produces output based on that relationship.

Question 10

Systems Theory: open system

Answer 10

one in which there are exchanges within and without the system.

Question 11

Systems Theory: Subsystem

Answer 11

smaller component of a larger system.

Question 12

Systems Theory: Equifinality

Answer 12

phenomenon of arriving at the same end through different beginnings.

Question 13

Covert Discrimination

Answer 13

concealed or hidden.

Question 14

Couples development theory: romance

Answer 14

learn about common interests, focus is attatchment

Question 15

Couples development theory: power struggle

Answer 15

see and realize differences, focus is defining oneself and managing conflict which threatens intimacy

Question 16

Couples development theory: stability

Answer 16

redirection of personal attention, time, activities away from partner’s and toward one’s self, seen as mature relationship, personal needs that are respectful of others

Question 17

Couples development theory: reproachment

Answer 17

crisis threatens identity and seperateness, companionship intimacy (comfort and support)

Question 18

Couples development theory: commitment

Answer 18

embracing reality that both partners are human resulting in shortcomings, good outweighs the bad

Question 19

Couples development theory: co creation

Answer 19

constancy, each partner values separateness of each other, work on projects together (businesses, families)

Question 20

Erik Erikson Theory of social development

Answer 20

Personality develops throughout life course, 8 stages, learn how to behave and interact relying on mangaging feelings, development processes need to benefit people

Question 21

Jean Piaget cognitive developmental theory

Answer 21

children learn through interacting with their environment, 4 stages sensorimotor(begin intentional actions, play is imitative, object meanings), preoperational(concrete thinking, comprehend past/present/future), Concrete Operations ( abstract thought, games with rules, reversible thinking), Formal Operations ( planning for furture, assume adult roles)

Question 22

Pavlov

Answer 22

Behaviorist, learning is change in behavior and stimuli in external environment

Question 23

Skinner

Answer 23

Behaviorist, learning is change in behavior and stimuli in external environment

Question 24

Maslow

Answer 24

Humanistic, learning is person’s activities aimed at reaching full potential

Question 25

Bandura

Answer 25

Social/situational theory , learning is obtained between people, environments, interactions, and observations

Question 26

respondent behavior

Answer 26

involuntary behavior that is automatically elicited by certain behavior, stimulus elicits response

Question 27

Operant behavior

Answer 27

voluntary behavior controlled by consequences in the environment

Question 28

Positive reinforcement

Answer 28

praise, reward promote positive behavior

Question 29

negative reinforcement

Answer 29

behavior increases because negative stimulus is removed

Question 30

positive punishment

Answer 30

presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing behavior (implementing consequence)

Question 31

negative punishment

Answer 31

removal of desired stimulus following behavior to decrease behavior (removing reward)

Question 32

Attachment theory

Answer 32

john bowlby, lasting psychologcial connectedness beween human beings, evolutionary context in which cargiver provides safety and security

Question 33

conflict theory

Answer 33

Karl Marx, society is fragmented in group that compete for social and economic resources

Question 34

authoritarian parenting

Answer 34

strict rules established by parents, failure to follow results in punishment, leads to obedience but lower happiness

Question 35

authoritative parenting

Answer 35

rules and guidelines are democratic in nature, listens to questions of children, forgive failure to follow, leads to happy, capable, successful children

Question 36

Permissive Parenting

Answer 36

few demands on children, rare discipline, friend more than parent
Leads to low happiness and self regulation, problems with authority in future

Question 37

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 37

few demands on children, little communication

Leads to lack of self control, low self esteem, less competent