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Histopathology - Exam 1 > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of human development

A 
Proliferation period (0-3 wks)
Embryonic period (3-8wks)
Fetal development period (9 wks to term)
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2
Q

Fertilization of ovum yields what?

A

Zygote

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3
Q

Mitotic cleavage of zygote forms what?

A

Blastomeres

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4
Q

> or = 32 blastomeres is called what?

A

Morula

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5
Q

Blastocyst is

A

64 cell stage morula developed an internal blastocystic cavity.

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6
Q

A cyst is

A

any mass that is lined w/ epithelial tissue, hollowed inside or can be filled with a liquid

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7
Q

Embryoblast is

A

after the blastocyst developed an inner cell mass at days 6-7

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8
Q

Implantation of the embryo blast in the uterine wall begins at which day? And is complete at what day?

A

4 and 10

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9
Q

Bilaminar embryonic disc is

A

when the inner cell mass of the embryo blast transitions

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10
Q

Outer cell mass becomes the cytotrophoblast and syntrophoblast layers which are

A

precursor to the placenta

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11
Q

Layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc are

A 
epiblast layer - ectoderm and mesoderm
hypoblast layer - endoderm 
amniotic cavity 
blastocyst cavity
syntrophoblasts
cytotrophoblasts
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12
Q

Yolk sac is

A

considered when the Heuser’s membrane will form the internal lining of the blastocyst cavity

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13
Q

Heuser’s membrane is

A

when the enlargement of the amniotic cavity and migration of cells out of the hypoblast

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14
Q

Cell layers

Embryonic cavities during the proliferation period

A

Epiblast
Embryonic mesoderm
hypoblast

Amniotic
yolk sac
chorionic (containing everything)

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15
Q

During 3rd wk - the bilaminar embryonic disk is characterized by the formation of what

A

primitive streak
notochord
neural tube
With the distinct germ layers are - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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16
Q

Primitive streak consists of what

A

Pit, node, groove

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17
Q

Primitive node -> _____ _______ -> notochord

A

notochord process

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18
Q

Notochord functions as what

A

primitive skeletal support of the embryo around which the axial skeleton later forms

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19
Q

Notochord induces the formation of what?

A

somites, the precursors of the vertebral column, ribs, and associated back muscles and overlying dermis

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20
Q

describe the process of the formation of the notochord starting with the pre-notochordal cells

A

Pre-notochordal cells invaginate within the primitive node and migrate towards the cephalad until they reach the prochodal plate. Where they detach themselves from the ectodermal layer to line within the mesoderm

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21
Q

Derivatives of mesoderm:

  • paraxial mesoderm ->
  • Intermediate mesoderm ->
  • Lateral plate mesoderm:
    • parietal mesoderm ->
    • visceral mesoderm ->
A

Somites
Urogenital system
- Mesothelial (serous) membranes that cover the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities
- Forms the thin serous membranes that cover individual organs like stomach, pancreas, spleen, etc.

22
Q

Derivatives of ectoderm:

A 
Epidermis, hair and nails,
Epithelium of the oral and nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses,
Salivary and endocrine glands,
Nervous system,
Tooth enamel
23
Q

Derivatives of Endoderm

A

GI tract epithelium and associated glands

24
Q

What does the neural tube make?

A

Spinal cord

25
Q

Spina bifida is caused by?

A

Neural tube defects bc - folic acid deficiency

Mild defect

26
Q

Meningocele is caused by?

A

Neural tube defects bc - extrusion of dura and arachnoid mater
Mild defect

27
Q

Meningomyelocele is caused by?

A

Neural tube defects bc - Extrusion of neural tissue plus all 3 meninges
More severe defect

28
Q

Anencephaly is caused by?

A

Fatal defect characterized by lack of development of the cranium and brain

29
Q

Meningoencephalocele is caused by?

A

Neural tube defects bc - Extrustion of a ventricular cistern plus neural tissue
More severe

30
Q

Neural crest cells AKA

A

ectomesenchyme and neuroectoderm

31
Q

Neck - ear is made by

A

branchial/pharyngeal arches (rings)

32
Q

1st branchial groove ->

1st branchial pouch ->

A

External auditory canal

Eustachian tube

33
Q

2nd branchial pouch ->

A

palatine tonsils

34
Q

3rd branchial pouch ->

A

inferior parathyroids/thymus

35
Q

4th branchial pouch ->

A

superior parathyroids/ultimobranchial body

36
Q

The head _____ to the relative proportions of the body after 3 months

A

decreases.

37
Q

Development of the face consists of what processes

A

mandibular, maxillary, lateral nasal, and median nasal

38
Q

Cleft lip is

A

defective fusion of medial nasal processes with the maxillary process. Normally occurs at 5-6 wks

39
Q

Cleft palate is

A

Defective fusion of the palatine shelves. Fusion of the palatine shelves normally begins during the 8th wk of gestation and is completed by the 12th wk

40
Q

Cleft palate is

A

Defective fusion of the palatine shelves. Fusion of the palatine shelves normally begins during the 8th wk of gestation and is completed by the 12th wk

41
Q

If one child is born with a cleft lip, what are the odds the second child has the same defect?

A

40%

42
Q

Known teratogens involved in congenital malformations

A

Drugs - ethanol, tetracycline, dilanitin, lithium, methotrexate, warfarin, thalidomide, androgens, progesterone, retinoic acid
Chemicals - methylmercury and polychlorinated biphenyls
Radiation - high levels of ionizing radiaiton

43
Q

Nasopalatine duct cyst develops where

A

at line of fusion btw palatine shelves and primary plate

44
Q

What is a lateral cervical cyst/branchial fistula?

A

Where the cervical sinus remains past 7th wk

45
Q

Branchial arch #1

  • intermediate structure
  • adult structure
  • cranial n.
  • Tongue structure
A

Median tongue bud, forament cecum, and lateral lingual swellings
Overgrown by lateral lingual swellings, origin of the thyroid ectoderm, and anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Trigeminal
Sensory to the anterior 2/3

46
Q

Branchial Arch #2

  • intermediate structure
  • adult structure
  • cranial n.
  • Tongue structure
A

Copula/tuberculum Impar
Overgrown by the hypobranchial eminence
Facial
Special sensory (taste) to anterior 2/3 via the chordates tympani branch

47
Q

Branchial Arch #3

  • intermediate structure
  • adult structure
  • cranial n.
  • Tongue structure
A

hypobranchial eminence
posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal
Sensory to the posterior 1/3

48
Q

Branchial Arch #4

  • intermediate structure
  • adult structure
  • cranial n.
  • Tongue structure
A

Minor contributions to the hypobranchial eminence
None
Hypoglossal
Motor to all the tongue muscles

49
Q

Thyroglossal Duct cyst is

A

failure of throglossal duct to involve causing cyst, can get caught in all of the spaces as it moves down like hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage etc

50
Q

branchial arch cartilage

A

Meckel’s cartilage (mandible maleus, and incus), Reichart’s cartilage (Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid),
Greater horn of hyoid, and thyroid cartilage

Histopathology - Exam 1 (3 decks)

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