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Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is an assumptions about brain development?

A

-Brain development an epigenetic process (not genetic)

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2
Q

What are the 3 Periods of Prenatal development?

A
  1. Zygote (2 weeks): Fertilization, Implantation, Start of Placenta
  2. Embryo (6 weeks): Groundwork laid for all body, structure and internal organs
  3. Fetus (30 weeks): “growth and finishing” phase
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3
Q

What are 2 things we know about brain growth?

A
  • At birth, most neurons the brain will have are present

- By age 2 years, brain is 80% of adult size

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4
Q

When is the first Trimester for a Fetus?

A

1-3 months

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5
Q

What happens during the first trimester?

A
  • Organs/muscles form
  • nervous system starts to become organized and connected
  • Lungs begin to expand and contract
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6
Q

what period is the 2nd trimester?

A

3-6 months

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7
Q

What happens during the second trimester?

A
  • Many organs are well developed by 20 weeks.

- Most of the brains neurons are in place.

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8
Q

What period is the 3rd trimester?

A

6-9 months

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9
Q

What happens during the third trimester?

A

Fetus takes beginnings of personality.

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10
Q

What are the baby’s adaptation to labor/delivery?

A
  • High levels of stress hormones which:
    1. help baby withstand oxygen deprivation
    2. prepare baby to breathe
    3. arouse infant into alertness
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11
Q

To what extent can a newborn taste?

A
  • have a preference for sweet tastes at birth

- can readily learn to like new tastes

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12
Q

To what extent can a newborn smell?

A
  • have odor preferences at birth

- can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth

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13
Q

To what extent can a newborn hear?

A
  • can hear a wide variety of sounds

- can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old

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14
Q

What 2 hormones facilitate care giving?

A

Oxytocin and prolactin

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15
Q

List 7 ways infants are social

A
  1. Arousal at sight of peers and mutual gaze (2 months)
  2. Social smiling
  3. Vocalizations (cooing)
  4. Reaching toward peers
  5. Reciprocity of gestures (6-9 months)
  6. Initiation and response to socially oriented behaviors increases with age (imitation)
  7. Facial expressions- interest, surprise, joy, distress
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16
Q

In Bowlby’s early attachment theory, Children come into the world biologically, preprogramed to form attachments with others because it will help them what?

A

Survive

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17
Q

In Harlow’s early attachment theory, a Mother’s love is seen as:

A
  • Emotional (rather than purely physiological)
  • for healthy psychological development
  • capacity for attachment associated with critical periods in early life
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18
Q

What are the 4 attachments types in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?

A
  • Secure
  • Insecure-avoidant
  • Insecure-Ambivalent
  • Insecure-Disorganized
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19
Q

What does the child’s behavior look like in Secure attachment?

A
  • Distressed when caregiver leaves
  • happy when caregiver returns
  • seeks comfort from caregiver when scared or sad
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20
Q

What does the child’s behavior look like in Insecure-avoidant attachment?

A
  • no distress when caregiver leaves
  • does not acknowledge return of caregiver
  • does not seek or make contact with caregiver
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21
Q

What does the child’s behavior look like in Insecure-Ambivalent attachment?

A
  • distress when caregiver leaves

- not comforted by return of caregiver

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22
Q

What does the child’s behavior look like in Insecure-Disorganized attachment?

A
  • no attaching behaviors

- often appear dazed, confused or apprehensive in presence of caregiver

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23
Q

What does the CAREGIVERS’s behavior look like in Secure attachment type?

A
  • react quickly and positively to child’s needs

- responsive to child’s needs

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24
Q

In what attachment type is the CAREGIVER unresponsive, uncaring and dismissive to the child?

A

insecure-avoidant

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25
Q

In what attachment type does the CAREGIVER respond inconsistently to the child?

A

insecure-ambivalent

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26
Q

What does the CAREGIVERS’s behavior look like in insecure-disorganized attachment type?

A
  • abusive or neglectful

- responds in fighting or frightened ways

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27
Q

What are 2 things you need to know about Articulatory development in infants?

A
  1. cooing begins just before 3 months

2. babbling is typically between 6-10 months

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28
Q

What is the stage in Erikson’s Stage of Development that occurs from Birth-18 months?

A

Trust Vs. Mistrust

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29
Q

what important event happens in Trust Vs. Mistrust?

A

Feeding

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30
Q

What is the outcome during the Trust Vs. Mistrust Stage?

A
  • sense of trust when caregivers provide:
    1. reliability
    2. Care
    3. Affection

(lack of this leads to mistrust)

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31
Q

What is the stage in Erikson’s Stage of Development that occurs from 2-3 years old?

A

Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt

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32
Q

what important event happens in Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?

A

Toilet Training

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33
Q

What is the outcome during the Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt Stage?

A

Developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and sense of independence

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34
Q

What is the stage in Erikson’s Stage of Development that occurs from 3-5 years old?

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

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35
Q

what important event happens in Initiative vs. Guilt?

A

Exploration

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36
Q

What is the outcome during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

A

-child began asserting control/power over environment

Success= sense of purpose
Failure= exerting too much power -> disapproval -> sense of guild
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37
Q

What is the stage in Erikson’s Stage of Development that occurs from 6-11 years old?

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

38
Q

what important event happens inIndustry vs. Inferiority ?

39
Q

What is the outcome during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

A

-Children cope with new social/academic demands

40
Q

What is the stage in Erikson’s Stage of Development that occurs from 12-18 years old?

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion

41
Q

what important event happens in Identity vs. Role Confusion?

A

Social Relationships

42
Q

What is the outcome during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

A

-Teens develop a sense of self and personal identity

Success: ability to stay true to self
Failure: weak sense of self

43
Q

What is the stage in Erikson’s Stage of Development that occurs from 19-40 years old?

A

intimacy Vs. Isolation

44
Q

what important event happens in intimacy Vs. Isolation ?

A

relationships

45
Q

What is the outcome during the intimacy Vs. Isolation stage?

A

-Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships

46
Q

What are Piaget’s stages+Ages of Cognitive Development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. Pre-operational (2-7)
  3. Concrete Operations (7-11)
  4. Formal Operations (12+)
47
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the Sensorimotor Stage?

A
  1. Children learn by doing: looking/touching/sucking.
  2. primitive understanding of cause and effect relationships
  3. object permanence (9 months)
48
Q

In what Piaget Cognitive development stage is Egocentrism is evident?

A

Pre-Operational

49
Q

In what Piaget Cognitive development stage do children start using language/symbols/letters/numbers

A

Pre-Operational

50
Q

What are the characteristics of the Concrete Operations Stage?

A

Child demonstrates:

  1. conservation
  2. reversibility
  3. serial ordering
  4. mature understanding of cause and effect relationships

-Thinking is still concrete

51
Q

In what Piaget Cognitive development stage can a person demonstrate abstract thinking?

A

Formal Operations

52
Q

What are the characteristics of the Formal operations stage?

A
  • deductive reasoning
  • comparison
  • classification
  • logic
53
Q

According to Baumrin’s Parenting styles:

High Demandingness + High responsiveness =

A

Authoritative Parenting

54
Q

According to Baumrin’s Parenting styles:

High Demandingness + Low responsiveness =

A

Authoritarian Parenting

55
Q

According to Baumrin’s Parenting styles:

Low Demandingness + High responsiveness =

A

Permissive Parenting

56
Q

According to Baumrin’s Parenting styles:

Low Demandingness + Low responsiveness =

A

Rejecting/Neglecting Parenting

57
Q

what is stage 1 in Piaget Moral Development? (including age)

A

Pre-Moral, 0-5 years old

58
Q

what is stage 2 in Piaget Moral Development? (including age)

A

Heteronomous Morality/ Moral Realism, 5-9 years old

59
Q

what is stage 3 in Piaget Moral Development? (including age)

A

Autonomous Morality/ Moral Relativism, 10+ years old

60
Q

Describe Piaget’s Pre-moral Period

A

Behavior is regulated from the outside

61
Q

Describe Piaget’s Heteronomous Morality/ Moral Realism period

A
  • Rules are rigid and given by adults/God
  • rules tell you what is right and wrong
  • consequences dictate the severity of the behavior not the intentions
62
Q

Describe Piaget’s Autonomous Morality/ Moral Relativism period

A
  • emphasizes cooperation

- rules can be changed under certain circumstances and with mutual consent

63
Q

What are Kohlbergs stages of moral development?

A
  1. Preconventional Level
    - Morality is externally controlled
  2. Conventional Level
    - conformity to social rules to maintain social system
  3. Post Conventional
    - Beyond unquestioned support, morality as abstract and applies to all situations
64
Q

What are the 5 stages in Racial/Cultural identity Development?

A 
Stage 1: Conformity 
Stage 2: Dissonance 
Stage 3: Resistance and Immersion 
Stage 4: Introspection
Stage 5: Integrative awareness
65
Q

In Marcias Identity development, High Commitment + High Exploration=

A

Identity Achievement

66
Q

In Marcias Identity development, Low Commitment + High Exploration=

A

Moratorium (Crisis, Choice)

67
Q

In Marcias Identity development, Low Commitment + Low Exploration=

A

Identity Diffusion (no choice)

68
Q

In Marcias Identity development, High Commitment + Low Exploration=

A

Identity Foreclosure (expectations)

69
Q

What are Fowler’s Stages of Faith (0-6)?

A 
Stage 0- Primal or Undifferentiated Faith 
Stage 1- Intuitive-Projective 
Stage 2- Mythic-Literal 
Stage 3- Synthetic-Conventional 
Stage 4- Individuative-Reflective
Stage 5-Conjunctive 
Stage 6- Universalizing
70
Q

Primal or Undifferentiated Faith occurs during what age?

A

birth to 2 years

71
Q

Primal or Undifferentiated Faith is characterized by

A

•an early learning of the safety of their environment (i.e. warm,
safe and secure vs. hurt, neglect and abuse)
•Development of a sense of trust/safety about the universe/divine
•negative experiences causing one to develop distrust with the universe/divine.

72
Q

Intuitive-Projective Faith occurs during what age?

A

3-7 years old

73
Q

During what Stage of Fowler’s stage of faith is Religion learned daily through experiences, stories, images and the people that one comes in contact with?

A

Intuitive-Projective Faith

74
Q

Mythic-Literal Faith occurs during what age?

A

Mostly in School Aged Children

75
Q

Mythic-Literal Faith is characterized by:

A
  • strong belief in the justice and reciprocity of the universe
  • metaphors and symbolic language that are often misunderstood and are taken literally
76
Q

Synthetic-Conventional Faith occurs during what age?

A

Arises in Adolescence, age 12-adulthood

77
Q

Synthetic Conventional Faith is characterized by:

A
  • conformity to religious authority & the development of a personal identity
  • any conflicts with one’s beliefs are ignored at this stage due to the fear of threat from inconsistencies
78
Q

Individuative-Reflective Faith occurs during what age?

A

Mid-twenties to late Thirties

79
Q

Individuative-Reflective Faith is characterized by:

A
  • angst and struggle
  • individual takes personal responsibility for their beliefs and feelings
  • openness to a new complexity of faith
  • increased awareness of conflicts in beliefs
80
Q

Conjunctive Faith occurs during what age?

A

“Mid-life Crisis”

81
Q

Conjunctive faith is characterized by:

A

-acknowledging paradox and transcendence relating reality behind the symbols of
inherited systems

  • individual resolves conflicts from previous stages by a complex understanding of a multidimensional
  • interdependent “truth” that cannot be explained by any particular statement
82
Q

What happens during Fowler’s Universalizing Faith Stage?

A

-the individual would treat any person with compassion as they view people as from a universal community, who should be treated with universal principles of
love and justice

83
Q

what are Levinson’s 4 Tasks of middle adult hood?

A
  • Young-Old
  • Destruction-Creation
  • Masculinity-Femininity
  • Engagement-seperateness
84
Q

Which mental abilities over adulthood stays the most stable?

A

Verbal ability

85
Q

Which mental abilities over adulthood shows the most decline?

A

perceptual speed

86
Q

What are areas of cognitive strength in middle adulthood?

A

Practical problem solving and expertise

87
Q

Label Peck’s 3 tasks of ego integrity

A
  • Ego differentiation vs work-role preoccupation
  • Body transcendence vs body preoccupation
  • Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation
88
Q

Describe Peck’s 3 tasks of ego integrity

A
  1. Ego differentiation vs work-role preoccupation
    - Finding other ways to affirm self-worth
  2. Body transcendence vs body preoccupation
    - Compensating for physical limitations with cognitive, emotional, and social abilities
  3. Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation
    - Facing reality of death by investing in younger generations
89
Q

What are Kubler-Ross’s Stages of grief

A
  • Denial
  • Anger
  • Bargaining
  • Depression
  • Acceptance
90
Q

What is Epigenetics?

A

The study of the factors that determine how much or whether some genes are expressed in your body.

K-Dizzle SFE Cards (4 decks)

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