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Psychology Exam 3 > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

One time, multiple age groups

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2
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

same subjects, different time points

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3
Q

Cross-sequential Study

A

multiple age groups, different time points

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4
Q

Genes

A

hereditary units located in cell’s nucleus and made of DNA

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5
Q

Hoe do genes effect our behavior?

A

Through the synthesis of proteins

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6
Q

Genotype

A

Traits that an individual inherits

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

Traits that an individual expresses

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8
Q

When genes group together in structures they form?

A

Chromosomes

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9
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

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10
Q

Which pair of chromosome determines sex?

A

23rd pair:
XX- Female
XY- Male

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11
Q

Zygote

A

Formed from the joining of an egg and sperm cell

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12
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Identical

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13
Q

Dyzygotic Twins

A

Fraternal

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14
Q

The genes in eggs and sperm are known as…?

A

Alleles

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15
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical alleles get paired

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles get paired

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17
Q

Germinal Stage (pre-embryonic)

A

Conception to 2 weeks

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18
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

3-9 weeks

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19
Q

Fetal Stage

A

9 weeks-birth

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20
Q

When does the brain develop most rapidly?

A

During 3rd trimester

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21
Q

Teratogens

A

Harmful substances that can impair development

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22
Q

When do teratogens have the greatest impact?

A

During the Embryonic stage

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23
Q

Maternal factors influencing prenatal development

A

nutrition, age & # of prior pregnancies, use of alcohol or drugs, hormonal states

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24
Q

Environmental factors influencing prenatal development

A

Environmental pollution: lead, smoke, radiation, etc.

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25
Q

Paternal Factors influencing prenatal development

A

age, habits that can alter the mother’s health (spousal abuse), smoking and alcohol

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26
Q

Sight in an unborn baby

A

Eyes develop early, but eyelids are closed

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27
Q

Taste in an unborn baby

A

Taste buds develop by week 14, fetus can taste amniotic fluid

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28
Q

Smell in an unborn baby

A

Taste and smell develop together

29
Q

Touch in an unborn baby

A

By 20 weeks, fetus is sensitive to vibration

30
Q

Hearing in an unborn baby

A

Appears to be completely functional by 32 weeks

31
Q

Reflexes in newborns

A

Born with important reflexes like: grasping and rooting

32
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Unused neural connections decay and disappear

33
Q

Critical Periods

A

Developmental period where a specific skill must be acquired, otherwise it is not acquired fully

34
Q

Vision in Infants

A

Newborns’ acuity is poor (b/c cones are poorly developed). Infants prefer black & white patterns

35
Q

Visual Cliff study

A

Children w/ crawling experience will not crawl over the cliff.

36
Q

Depth Perception

A

Develops between 3 1/2 to 6 months

37
Q

Hearing in infants

A

At 5 months they can discriminate their own name

38
Q

Preferential looking technique

A

Infants will look at one stimulus over the other only if they can tell them apart

39
Q

Habituation Technique

A

Infants will stare longer at new or surprising events

40
Q

What are the 3 basic temperaments

A

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

41
Q

Harlow’s Monkeys

A

Preferred cloth monkey

42
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Very distressed when caretaker leaves

43
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

No distress when caretaker leaves, can be comforted by stranger

44
Q

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

A

Inconsolable when caretaker leaves, approaches and rejects them upon return

45
Q

Disorganized-Disoriented attachment

A

Unable to decide how they should react when caretaker returns

46
Q

Sensorimotor

A

(0-2) explores with senses, moves around; object permanance

47
Q

Preoperational

A

(2-6) use of symbols, ego centrism, no conservation

48
Q

Concrete Operational

A

(7-12) logical thought, conservation, mathematical operations, empathy

49
Q

Formal Operational

A

(12+) hypothetical thinking, hypothesis testing

50
Q

Criticisms to Piaget’s Stage Theory

A

stages don’t necessarily happen gradually, ignores roles of environment, some adults may never reach formal operational stage

51
Q

Gender Roles

A

Behaviors socially expected of males and females

52
Q

Gender Schemas

A

Expectations people have of the behaviors of men and women

53
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Ability to explain and predict other people’s behaviors as a result of recognizing their mental state

54
Q

Puberty

A

Changes in hormones and physical appearance

55
Q

Morality

A

Choice’s people make that affect others

56
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

A

Preconventional: self-interest or pleasurable outcomes
Conventional: Conformity w/ rules of law
Postconventional: complex reasoning, value of all life

57
Q

Early Adulthood

A

(20s-30s) few changes, but ageing begins

58
Q

Mid-adulthood

A

(40s-50s) visual changes and decline in hearing, Hair grays & strength declines. Increased weight and height reductions

59
Q

Late Adulthood

A

(60s & on) hearing impairments, osteoporosis, neurogenerative disease

60
Q

Menopause

A

Decreased levels of estrogen lead to perimenopause in 40s & cessation of ovulation in 50s

61
Q

Andropause

A

Decreased levels of testoerone starting in 40s

62
Q

Leading causes of death in adulthood

A

heart disease, cancer and stroke

63
Q

Authoritarian

A

Rigid, uncompromising, concerned with rules. Children are insecure and tend to rebel in negative ways

64
Q

Permissive

A

Few demands and rules, Children are selfish, immature, dependent, and have socialization problems

65
Q

Authoritative

A

Firm limits and flexibility. Children have clear limits and tend to be self-reliant

66
Q

Ageing

A

Potential for development of dementia related to Alzheimer’s, challenges in memory and changes in intelligence

67
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Brian degeneration. Begins with minor memory impairments, but progresses to serious difficulties in keeping routines to complete loss of memory(dementia)

68
Q

5 Stages of Morality

A 
Denial = refuse to accept death is real
Anger = @ incapacity to change outcome
Bargaining = attempt to make a deal to change outcome
Depression = sadness from losses
Acceptance = Accepting the inevitable

Psychology Exam 3 (3 decks)

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