Human Development

Question 1

Inductive reasoning

Answer 1

General conclusion is based on specific information

Example: Kobe Bryant is tall, Shaq is tall, and therefore all NBA players have to be tall

Question 2

Deductive reasoning

Answer 2

Formulating ideas of what might happen in a hypothetical situation, based on observation

Example: go play basketball with a group of people, and another group and I feel OK. Then I go to an NBA basketball game and compare myself to those and I determined that I do not need to go try out for the team

Question 3

Transductive reasoning

Answer 3

Connecting a series of experiences to form a conclusion

Question 4

Object permanence

Answer 4

A characteristic that is found in the sensorimotor stage; the awareness that objects continue to exist when they are out of you

Question 5

Casual reasoning

Answer 5

Child feels that everything happens because they cause it to happen

Example: kids argue often, causing parent stress, parents get divorced. Children feel like they cause divorce, but they didn’t

Question 6

Symbolic manipulation

Answer 6

In problem-solving, represents an important step in cognitive development

Question 7

Two types of conditioning

Answer 7

Classical conditioning – Pavlov – conditioning a subject to associate a symbol (bell ringing) with rewards (food)

Operant conditioning – skinner rats – reward behaviors we want to continue to punish behaviors you don’t want

Question 8

Scaffolding

Answer 8

Brunner, Vygotsky

Offers a child structure or support one first attempting a task that may be beyond their abilities – then that extra help – support is taken away when the child begins to Master

Helping them build it by giving them structure

Question 9

Zone ofProximal development (ZPD)

Answer 9

Vygotsky

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help