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1 - FINALS > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Male vs female pelvis

A 
Female = larger and wide 
Female = more flared iliac crests 
Male = sharper pubic arch 
Females = wider more oval pelvic inlet 
Males = coccyx angled more forwards 
Males = ischial bones closer giving narrower pelvic outlet
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2
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

Sacrum –> ischial tuberosity

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3
Q

Sacrospinous ligament

A

Sacrum –> ischial spine

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4
Q

Sacroiliac ligament

A

sacrum –> ilium

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5
Q

Greater sciatic foramen

A

Formed by sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Piriformis, sciatic nerves, superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves, internal pudendal nerve and vessels

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6
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen

A

Former by sacrospinous ligaement superiorly and sacrotuberous inferiorly
Obturator internus, internal pudendal nerve (re-entering the pelvis)

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7
Q

Parts of levator ani from anterior to posterior

A

Levator prostate/sphincter vaginalis
Puborectalis - pubic bone around rectum
Pubococcygeus - pubis –> anococcygeal body
Iliococcygeus - ilium –> sanococcygeal body and coccyx

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8
Q

Coccygeus

A

Ischial spines –> lateral sacrum and coccyx

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9
Q

Function of pelvic floor

A

Support and maintain pelvic viscera is position
Maintain continence
Resisting abdominal and intra-pelvic pressure

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10
Q

Folic acid in preventing birth defects

A

400mg per day

Could prevent around 75% of neural tube defects

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11
Q

Embryonic vs foetal period

A 
Embryonic = 3-8 weeks 
Foetal = 8 weeks --> term
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12
Q

Major vs minor congenital defects

A

Major = require medical or surgical intervention or causes significant handicap

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13
Q

Anencephaly

A

Malformed head and brain

Failure of anterior neuropore to close

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14
Q

Spina bfida

A

Herniation of spine and contents in the lower back

Failure of posterior neuropore to close

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15
Q

Hypospadias

A

Male urethra opens out in unusual place

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16
Q

Cleft lip

A

Failure of maxillary and medial nasal prominences to fuse

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17
Q

Cleft palate

A

Failure of palatine shelves to fuse

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18
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Loss of midline structures

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19
Q

Omphalocele

A

Abdominal contents do not correctly return from umbilical cord

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20
Q

Gastrochisis

A

Abdominal contents herniate through defect in anterior abdominal wall

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21
Q

Phocemelia

A

Limb abnormalities

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22
Q

Syndactylyl

A

Digits fused together

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23
Q

Polydactyly

A

Extra digits

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24
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

Tongue tie

Unusually thick and short frenulum

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25
Q

Hydatiform male

A

Diploid cells but genetic material purely from father

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26
Q

Sirenomelia

A

Lower body parts fused

Epiblast cells stop invaginating too early

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27
Q

Situs invterus

A

Reversal of left and right axis of the body

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28
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

Blood can flow between two atria

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29
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

Blood can flow between two ventricles

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30
Q

AV canal

A

Lack of AV septum

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31
Q

Coarctation of aorta

A

Aortic narrowing where ductus arteriosus inserts

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32
Q

Transposition of the great vessels

A

Vessels connect to incorrect heart chamber

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33
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk fail to fully separate

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34
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Overriding aorta that can take blood from left heart

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35
Q

Pelvic kidney

A

Kidney that failed to migrate up to posterior abdominal wall

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36
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Kidneys fused inferiorly

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37
Q

Vitelline duct abnormality

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

Small pocket of vitelline duct remains in the ileum

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38
Q

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

A

Failure of trachea and oesophagus to fully divide

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39
Q

Hirschprung’s disease

A

Loss of enteric nervous system ganglion cells in the gut

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40
Q

Female vs male primitive genital tubes

A

Female = Mullerian ducts
Male = Wolffian ducts
Mullerian ducts more lateral

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41
Q

When do gonadal ridges begin to form?

A

5th week of gestation

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42
Q

Where does the gubernaculum attach?

A

To the gonadal ridge and the labioscrotal swellings (future scrotum or labia majora)

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43
Q

Contents of spermatic cord

A

Gubernaculum, vas deferens, testicular vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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44
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Portion of peritoneum that was pulled down into the scrotum with the descent of the testicles

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45
Q

When does testicular descent occur?

A

Around the 26th week

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46
Q

Inguinal canal structure

A

4cm long
2mm above inguinal ligament
Starts at deep inguinal ring
Ends at superficial inguinal ring

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47
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal

A

Ilioinguinal nerve
Round ligament in females
Spermatic cord in males

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48
Q

Testicular blood supply

A

Bia testicular arteries from L2 of AA

Venous drainage via testicular veins to the IVC on the right and left renal vein on the left

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49
Q

Vas deferens length

A

45cm

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50
Q

Vas deferens course

A

From the epididymis in the scrotum
Up into the pelvis through the spermatic cord
Crosses external iliac vessels
Passes around the lateral walls of the pelvis
Crosses ureter posterior to the bladder
Joined by seminal vesicle to empty into the ejaculator duct in the prostate

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51
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia

A

Herniation of abdominal contents through the deep inguinal ring
Processes vaginalis fails to close

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52
Q

Hydrocele

A

Accumulation of peritoneal fluid in the scrotum

Processes vaginalis still slightly open

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53
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

Cranial gubernaculum remains

Ovary –> uterus

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54
Q

Round ligament

A

Caudal gubernaulum remains

Uterus –> labia majora

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55
Q

Broad ligament

A

Double fold of peritoneum overlying uterus

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56
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

Peritoneum overlying ovarian vessels

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57
Q

Ovarian blood supply

A

From AA

Venous drainage to AA on the right and left renal vein on the left

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58
Q

Peritoneal pouches

A

Vesicouterine = between bladder and uterus
Rectouterine (pouch of Douglas) = between uterus and rectum
Fluid can accumulate here

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59
Q

Support of the uterus

A

Levator ani
Transverse cervical ligaments
Pubocervical ligaments
Sacrocervical ligaments

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60
Q

Vagina fornices

A

Anterior
Posterior
2 lateral

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61
Q

Ureter course in females

A

Pass over pelvic prim at common iliac bifurcation
Pass under ovarian arteries
Run of lateral pelvic walls and pass anterior to reach the bladder passing either side of the cervix

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62
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin, hair, nails, nervous system

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63
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscles, skeleton, heart, connective tissue

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64
Q

Endoderm

A

GI system, lungs, liver, pancreas, GU system

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65
Q

Foregut

A

Pharynx –> superior duodenum

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66
Q

Midgut

A

Superior duodenum –> 2/3 of transverse colon

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67
Q

Hindgut

A

1/3 of transverse colon –> rectum

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68
Q

Urogenital triangle borders

A

Pubic symphysis anteriorly
Inferior pubic rami laterally
Line between ischial tuberosities posteriorly

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69
Q

Anal triangle borders

A

Line between ischial tuberosities anteriorly
Sacrotuberous ligaments laterally
Coccyx posteriorly

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70
Q

Pudendal canal

A

Contains pudendal vessels and nerve

Lies within the fascia of the obturator internus in the lateral walls of the ischioanal fossa

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71
Q

Branches of internal pudendal artery

A

Dorsal artery of the clitoris/penis
Perineal artery
Inferior rectal artery

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72
Q

Pudendal nerve

A

S2-4
Leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen
Re-enters pelvis to reach the perineum through lesser sciatic foramen
Branches to give the dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris, perineal and inferior rectal

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73
Q

Deep perineal pouch contents

A 
External urethral sphincter 
Deep transverse perineal 
Vagina 
Proximal female urethra
Membranous male urethra 
Male bulbourethral gland
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74
Q

Superficial perineal pouch contents

A 
Crura of penis/clitoris
Bulb of penis/clitoris
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
Superficial transverse perineal 
Bartholin's gland in females
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75
Q

Superficial perineal fascia layers

A

Membranous (Colles’) - thin, strong layer binding muscles of the root of the penis
Fatty (Camper’s) - continuous with fascia of the thigh

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76
Q

Erection

A

Parasympathetic outflow via inferior hypogastric plexus
Nitric oxide release
Vasodilation and engorgement

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77
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic fibres cause contraction of the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
Bladder sphincter contracts to prevent retrograde ejaculate flow

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78
Q

Bulb of vestibule

A

Divided by vagina

Superficially covered by bulbospongiosus

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79
Q

Crura of clitoris

A

Attaches to pubic arch and rami and pubis and ischium

Superficially covered by ischiocavernosus

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80
Q

Bartholin’s gland

A

Found posterior to the bulbs of vestibule
Secrete lubricating mucous into the vaginal orifice
Blockage of ducts can lead to Bartholin’s cyst

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81
Q

Muscles attaching to perineal body

A

Levator ani
External anal sphincter
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial transverse perineal

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82
Q

Genitofemoral nerve

A

L1-2
Skin of scrotum/labia majora
Cremaster muscle

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83
Q

Lumbosacral trunk

A

L4-5
Emerges medial from psoas major
Joins sacral plexus

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84
Q

Anatomical orientation of the uterus

A

Anteverted with respect to the vagina

Anteflexed with respect to the cervix

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85
Q

Process of gastrulation

A

Formation of primitive streak in epiblast
Epiblast cells invaginate to displace the hypoblast to become endoderm
Cells that do not invaginate become the ectoderm
Cells between the layers become mesoderm

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86
Q

What do neural crest cells form?

A

Cranial –> bones of the skull, pia and arachnoid mater, cranial nerves components
Trunk –> melanocytes, Schwann cells, dorsal root ganlia, parasympathetic nerves

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87
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Lack of amniotic fluid

Due to kidney defects

88
Q

Poluhydramnios

A

Excessive amniotic fluid

Due to GI atresia

89
Q

AFP

A

= foetal albumin
High levels = neural tube defects, GI atresia
Low levels = Down’s syndrome

90
Q

Haemopoiesis sources in gestation

A 
Initially = yolk sac 
Secondly = liver, thymus and spleen 
Finally = bone marrow
91
Q

Sinus venosus becomes…

A

Coronary sinus and smooth part of right atrium

92
Q

Primitive atrium becomes…

A

Trabeculated atrial parts

93
Q

Primitive ventricle becomes…

A

Trabeculated ventricular parts

94
Q

Bulbus cordis becomes…

A

Smooth ventricular parts

95
Q

Truncus arteriosus becomes…

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk

96
Q

1st pharyngeal arch

A

CN V
Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric
Maxilla, mandible, incus, malleus, zygomatic, temporal, palatine, vomer

97
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch

A

CN VII
Muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
Stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid

98
Q

3rd pharyngeal arch

A

CN IX
Stylopharyngeus
Greater horn of hyoid

99
Q

4th pharyngeal arch

A 
CN X (superior laryngeal) 
Muscles of soft palate and pharynx, cricothyroid
100
Q

5th pharyngeal arch

A 
CN X (recurrent laryngeal) 
Muscles of the larynx, upper oesophageal muscle
101
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch

A

Epithelial lining of auditory tube and middle ear

102
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch

A

Palatine tonsil

103
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch

A

Inferior parathyroid gland and thymus

104
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch

A

Superior parathyroid gland

105
Q

1st pharyngeal groove

A

External auditory meatus

106
Q

1st pharyngeal membrane

A

Tympanic membrane

107
Q

Origins of the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3 from 1st pharyngeal arch

Posterior 1/3 from arches 2-4

108
Q

Skull fontanelles

A

Anterior
Sphenoid
Mastoid
Posterior

109
Q

Testosterone secretion

A

From Leydig cells by LH

110
Q

Sertoli cell function

A

Support and nourishment of spermatogenic cells
Secretion of androgen binding protein
Secretion of inhibin for negative feedback

111
Q

Epididymis function

A

Accumulation, storage and maturation of spermatozoa

112
Q

Epididymis epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar with sterocilia

113
Q

Vas deferens epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar with sterocilia

114
Q

Seminal vesicles secretions

A

Secretion rich in fructose, vitamin C and prostaglandins

115
Q

Prostate divisions

A

Anterior fibromuscular zone with CT and muscle fibres
Central zone around ejaculatory ducts
Transitional zone around urethra
Peripheral zones where the majority of glands are found

116
Q

Where does BPH occurs?

A

Transitional zone

117
Q

Where does carcinoma of the prostate occur?

A

Peripheral zones

118
Q

Prostate gland secretions

A

Rich in citric acid and hydrolytic enzymes such as fibrinolysin

119
Q

Endo vs ectocervix

A

Endocervix closer to uterus
Ectocervix closer to vagina
Endocervix = simple columnar epithelium
Ectocervix - stratified squamous epithelium

120
Q

Layers of villi at the start

A

Capillary endothelium
Loose CT of the villus core
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast

121
Q

Layers of villi after maturation

A

Capillary endothelium

Syncytiotrophoblast

122
Q

When do erthyrocytes lose their nuclei?

A

9th week of gestation

123
Q

Telomere sequence

124
Q

Diseases where shortened telomeres are found

A

Atherosclerosis
Heart disease
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis

125
Q

Pearl index formula

A

= number of unintended pregnancies per 100 women years of use

126
Q

COCP mechanisms of action

A

Oestrogens inhibits FSH secretion resulting in anovulation

Progesterone inhibits LH secretion resulting in anovulation, thickens cervical mucous and causes endometrial atrophy

127
Q

COCP contraindications

A

Heart disease, stroke, hyperlipidaemia, liver disease, pregnancy, oestrogen dependant tumours

128
Q

COCP advantages

A

Protection from ovarian and endometrial cancer

Reduced incidence of benign breast lumps, ovarian cysts and endometriosis

129
Q

COCP disadvantages

A

Increased chance of clots
Impaired liver function
Weight gain

130
Q

POP mechanism of action

A

Progesterone inhibits LH secretion resulting in anovulation, thickens cervical mucous and causes endometrial atrophy

131
Q

POP advantages

A

No increase in thromboembolic events

Can be used by those with contraindications of COCP use

132
Q

POP disadvantages

A

Irregular bleeding
Headache
Acne

133
Q

Fertilisation steps

A

Sperm finds and recognises egg via ZP3 glycoprotein
Acrosome reaction to penetrate extracellular layer
Fusion of cell membranes
Calcium wave to block polyspermy
Fertilisation cone formation
Movement and fusion of pronuclei

134
Q

Acrosomal enzymes

A

Hyaluronidase

Acrosin

135
Q

When does hatching occur?

136
Q

When does the blastocyst attach to the uterine wall?

137
Q

When does first differentiation take place?

138
Q

Diseases associated with proportionate short stature

A 
Turner syndrome 
Renal insufficiency 
GI disease
Nutritional deficiency
Hypothyroidism 
Hypercortisolism
139
Q

Diseases associated with disproportionate short stature

A

Achondroplasia
Hypochondroplasia
Rickets

140
Q

Onset of puberty is defined as…

A

Tanner stage B2 for girls - breast budding

Tanner stage G3 for boys - testes volume >3ml

141
Q

Mean age of puberty onset

A

11 for girls

12 for boys

142
Q

When do the primordial germ cells leave the ectoderm and move to the yolk sac wall?

143
Q

When do the PGCs move to the gonadal ridges?

144
Q

When do oogonia undergo intensive mitosis?

A

2nd-5th months of pregnancy

145
Q

Stages of meiosis

A

Meiosis I = reduction division - diploid –> haploid

Meiosis II = equatorial division - independant reassortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes

146
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I

147
Q

What stimulates completion of meiosis I in primary oocytes

148
Q

Where does meiosis II arrest?

149
Q

What triggers completion of meiosis II?

A

Fertilisation

150
Q

Follicular antrum contents

A

Enzymes for digestion of follicular wall

Proteoglycans to attract water

151
Q

Define primary spermacyte

A

Type B spermatogonia as they enter meiosis I

152
Q

Define secondary spermacyte

A

Spermacyte that has completed meiosis I

153
Q

How long does sperm meiosis I take?

154
Q

Define spermatid

A

Sperm that has completed meiosis II

155
Q

Why is the foetus not rejected by the mother’s immune system?

A

IgM antibodies to fathers MHC molecules
Placenta sequesters foetus from maternal T cells
Protective features of the trophoblast including HLA-G expression, IDO production (depletes tryptophan to inhibit T cell activation) and lack of classic MHC molecules

156
Q

Which antibody can pass through the placenta?

157
Q

Which antibody can pass through breast milk?

158
Q

How is IgG transported across the placenta?

A

Neonatal FcR

159
Q

Structure of IgA

A

Dimer
Two antibodies connected by J chain
Secretory component to prevent degradation

160
Q

Contraindication for immunisation

A

Anaphylaxis to previous dose
Immunosuppression
Acute illness

161
Q

Inactivated vs attenuated vaccines

A

Virus can replicate in attenuated and not in inactivated

Inactivated vaccines general humoral immunity whereas attenuated develop humoral and cell-mediated

162
Q

Labour associated prostaglandins

A

E2 and F2a

163
Q

Signs of labour

A

The show
Rupturing of membranes
regular painful contractions accompanied by cervical dilatation

164
Q

What is cut in an episiotomy?

A

Vaginal epithelium and perineal skin
Bulbocavernosus
Superficial and deep perineal muscles
Someones external anal sphincter

165
Q

Define menopause

A

The last menstrual period

166
Q

Average age of menopause

167
Q

When are women said to have gone through the menopause?

A

After 1 year of no periods

168
Q

Perimenopausal symptoms

A

Changes in menstrual cycle length

Hot flushes and night sweats

169
Q

Short term menopause symptoms

A 
Hot flushes
Night sweats 
Palpitations 
Depression 
Mood swings 
Increased urinary frequency 
Urge incontinence
Vaginal dryness
Pain during urination and intercourse 
Dry inelastic skin 
Hair loss
Joint pain
170
Q

Long term menopause symptoms

A 
Ischaemic heart disease
Osteoporosis 
Inelastic thin skin 
Prolapse 
Incontinence
Depressed libido 
Atrophic changes to GU organs 
Pain during intercourse
171
Q

Combinations of HRT

A

Oestrogen and progesterone if uterus present

Oestrogen only if no uterus present

172
Q

Side effects of HRT

A 
Heavy cyclical bleeding
Bloating and fluid retention 
Weight gain 
Mastalgia 
Headaches
Depression
173
Q

Complications of HRT

A

Increased breast cancer risk

Increased risk of thrombo-embolic events

174
Q

Contraindications for HRT

A 
Breast cancer 
Endometrial cancer 
Endometriosis
Fibroids 
Ischaemic heart disease
175
Q

Non-hormonal treatments for menopause

A

Biphosphonates and calcitonin - reduce osteoclast activity
Selective oestrogen receptor modulators
Venlafaxine - reduce vasomotor symptoms

176
Q

Follicular phase

A

Days 1-10
5-12 follicles stimulated to grow
One will become a Graafian follicle
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH which stimulates the growth of the follicle and oestrogen secretion

177
Q

Ovulatory phase

A

Days 11-14
Graafian follicle bulges from ovary wall
Ovulation occurs
Surge of LH and FSH

178
Q

Luteal phase

A

Days 15-28
Formation of corpus luteum
Progesterone secretion maintains endometrium

179
Q

Menstrual phase

A

Days 1-5
Collapse of endometrium
Withdrawal of oestrogen and progesterone

180
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Days 6-14
Thickening of endometrium and formation of glands and spiral arteries
Synthesis of progesterone receptors on endometrial cells
All stimulated by oestrogen from the mature follicle

181
Q

Secretory phase

A

Days 15-28
Enlargement of glands and secretion of mucous and glycogen
Stimulated by progesterone from the corpus luteum

182
Q

Structure of surfactant

A

Monolayer of phospholipids
Mainly consists of DPPC and PG
Stabilised by surfactant protein B

183
Q

Foetal metabolic stores

A

34g of glycogen

560g of fat

184
Q

Newborn metabolic fuels

A

Free fatty acids

Glucose and ketone bodies for the brain

185
Q

Immune protection from breastmilk

A

IgA
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Complement

186
Q

Blood changes in pregnancy

A

Increase in plasma volume by up to 45%
Increase in RBC volume
RBC increase less so physiological anaemia of pregnancy possible

187
Q

Why does plasma volume increase during pregnancy?

A 
Vasodilation
Decreased TPR
Decreased renal perfusion 
Activation of RAAS
Sodium and water retention
188
Q

Cardiac output in pregnancy

A

Increases by 35-40% in first trimester and 50% by term
Increase in stroke volume by 25%
Increase in heart rate by 25%

189
Q

When is blood pressure at a low point

A

17-24 weeks

190
Q

Mediators involved in TPR decrease

A

Progesterone, oestrogen, NO, relaxin

191
Q

Haemostasis in pregnancy

A

Hyper coagulable state
Increase in fibrinogen and all clotting factors (except XI and TF)
Decrease in coagulation inhibitors
Increased platelet production

192
Q

Respiratory changes in pregnancy

A

Increased oxygen consumption
Increased alveolar and minute ventilation
Increased tidal volume

193
Q

Mechanisms of increase in ventilation

A

Progesterone-mediated hypersensitivity to CO2

194
Q

Acid base changes in pregnancy

A

Increased ventilation means more CO2 expelled
Respiratory alkalosis
Some renal compensation

195
Q

Foetal vs maternal placenta surfaces

A 
Foetal = smooth with umbilical cord centrally with vessels radiating outwards
Maternal = dull and grey with 15-20 segments
196
Q

Umbilical artery vs vein

A

2 umbilical arteries carrying waste and carbon dioxide from the foetus to the placenta
1 umbilical vein carrying oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the foetus

197
Q

Human placental lactogen function

A

Increases FFA by lipolysis
Promotes mammary duct proliferation
Inhibits gluconeogenesis

198
Q

Human placental growth hormone function

A

Regulation of maternal blood glucose levels

199
Q

Types of locia

A

Lochia rubra - red - 0-3 days
Lochia serosa - pink - 4-10 days
Lochia alba - yellowish white - up to 6 weeks

200
Q

Hormones responsible for mamogenesis

A

Oestrogen, progesterone, prolactin, human placental lactogen

201
Q

Action of prolactin

A

Secreted from anterior pituitary gland

Causes lactogenesis

202
Q

Action of oxytocin

A

Secreted from posterior pituitary
Release stimulated by suckling
Causes contraction of myoepithelial cells in ducts and alveoli to empty milk from the breast

203
Q

Steroid structure

A

27 carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings

Core formed by cholesterol

204
Q

Testosterone –> DHT

A

By 5a reductase enzymes in Sertoli cells

205
Q

Androgen potencies

A 
DHT = 100%
Testosterone = 50% 
Androstenedione = 8%
DHEA = 4%
206
Q

Oestrogen potencies

A

17b oestradiol = 100%
Oestriol = 10%
Oestrone = 1%

207
Q

LH vs hCG

A

Same alpha subunits (and for FSH)

Same beta subunits but hCG contains additional 24 amino acids

208
Q

Sites of inhibin secretion

A 
Males = Sertoli cells
Females = granulosa cells
209
Q

Prostaglandin synthesis

A

Essential fatty acids –> arachidonic acid

Arachidonic acids are then oxidised by COX enzymes to produce prostaglandins

210
Q

Characteristics of stem cells

A

Undifferentiated

Can divide indefinitely

211
Q

Order of stem cell potencies

A 
Totipotent 
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Oligopotent 
Unipotent
212
Q

Visual acuity at birth

213
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

A

0-2
Integration of perception and motor actions
Cause and effect understanding
Object permanence

214
Q

Piaget’s pre-operational stage

A

2-7
Egocentric
Animism
Only considers one feature of a problem at a time

215
Q

Piaget’s concrete operational stage

A

7-12
Can apply logic
Can classify objects according to several features

216
Q

Piaget’s formal operational stage

A

12-19
Abstract reasoning
Becomes concerned with hypothetical and future scenarios

217
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages

A 
Oral = 0-2
Anal = 2-4
Phallic = 4-5
Latency = 6-puberty 
Genital = puberty onwards

1 - FINALS (6 decks)

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