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GRE Psychology > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

age related intellectual, physical, emotional, and personal changes that occur throughout the life span

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2
Q

What do development theorists allude to?

A

interaction

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3
Q

What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?

A

Germinal Period: conception to implantation on the wall of the uterus (approx. 2 weeks)
Embryonic Period: Implantation to the 8th week, arms, legs, gingers, toes and a distinctive heartbeat appear. Starts to develop sexual characteristics
Fetal Period: 9th week to birth; develops functional organ system and increases in body size

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4
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilized human egg. Contains 23 chromosomes from both the mother and father

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5
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

and environmental agent that can potentially damage the developing fetus.

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6
Q

Why does experience matter for the new born fetus?

A

To allow its neuronal connections to fully mature and refine it’s internal communication network

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7
Q

What is Puberty?

A

period during which a person reaches sexual maturity

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8
Q

Menopause

A

Time during which a woman’s menstrual cycles slows down and finally stops. (around the age of 50)

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9
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

the brain’s ability to change and adjust it’s connections

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10
Q

Dementia

A

physically based losses in mental functioning (pathological aging)

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11
Q

What capabilities do babies possess that are used to understand their level of mental development?

A

(1) They show preferences (to one stimuli or another)
(2) They notice novelty (new things in the environment)
(3) They can learn to repeat activities in response to reward

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12
Q

What is the preference technique?

A

Two stimuli are presented simultaneously and the researcher records which one the baby looks at longer

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13
Q

Habituation

A

decline in responsiveness to repeated stimuli - used to access perceptual abilities (and to understand how they remember their worlds)

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14
Q

Reward Techniques

A

Reward a simple motor movement to see if they baby learns that if they perform that movement they can get a reward for it (kicking leg and mobile)

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15
Q

What are schemas?

A

Mental model of the world that people use to guide and interpret their experiences - this is part of Piaget’s theory that we are all born with a natural tendency to organize the world

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16
Q

Where does much of what we know about development of thought processes during childhood come from?

A

Jean Piaget

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17
Q

What does Piaget argue is the governing process of building our mental models of the world as we age?

A

Assimilation: people fit or assimilate new experiences into existing schemas
Accommodation: Process through which people change existing schema to accommodate new experiences

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18
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 stages or developmental periods?

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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19
Q

Sensorimotor Period

A

birth - 2: schemas revolve around sensory and motor abilities

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20
Q

Object Permanence

A

Ability to recognize that an object still exists even when you are no longer looking at it

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21
Q

Preoperational Period

A

Age 2-7: children begin to think symbolically, but often lack the ability to perform mental operations

22
Q

Conservation

A

ability to recognize that the properties of an object remain the same despite superficial change in the objects appearance

23
Q

Egocentrism

A

The tendency to see the world from your own unique perspective only - characteristic of preoperational period

24
Q

Concrete Operational Period

A

Age 7-11: children acquire the capacity to perform a number of mental operations but still lack ability of abstract reasoning

25
Q

Formal Operational Period

A

11 - Adulthood: thought processes become adult like, and people gain mastery over abstract thinking

26
Q

Why do some people not like Piaget’s theory?

A

because it is a stage theory. Other people like to think of cognitive development as a process of continual change or adaptation (stage theory presupposes that once a child enters a new stage they should be very quick in learning the characteristics of that stage).
Other people do not like that he has lumped adulthood into one stage - do people not develop intellectually beyond that?

27
Q

Morality

A

ability to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate actions: may be tied to a child’s level of cognitive development

28
Q

What are the stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

Preconventional, conventional, and post conventional

29
Q

Preconventional

A

Decisions about right and wrong are made primarily in terms of external consequences

30
Q

Conventional

A

actions are judged to be right or wrong based on whether they maintain or disrupt the social order

31
Q

Postconventional

A

Actions are judged on the basis of personal codes of ethics that are general and abstract and that may not agree with societal norms

32
Q

What are some alternatives to Kohlberg

A
  1. Psychometric: shame and guilt, do not wanted to be judged. The ID misbehaves, and is at odds with the superego, which administers self punishment
  2. Social learning: Morality is conditioned through rewards and punishments
33
Q

Temperament

A

Behavioural tendencies that have biological origins

34
Q

What are the types of temperaments that babies are categorized in to?

A
  1. Easy: happy, readily establish routines and tend not to get upset very easily
  2. Difficult: resist new experiences, the establishments of routines, and often get upset
  3. Slow to warm up: more complex mixture of different temperaments
35
Q

Attachment

A

Strong emotional ties formed to one or more intimate companions (makes sense from a survival aspect - it helps make sure that your needs are met)

36
Q

What is a critical period?

A

An ideal time in infancy when certain events must occur to have their maximum effect.

37
Q

What can temperament be influenced by?

A

If the child will develop attachments with a care giver quickly

38
Q

Stange situation task

A

gradually subjecting a child to a stressful situation and observing his or her behaviour toward the part or caregiver; this test is usually used to classify the attachment style of the child: secure, resistant, or avoidant

39
Q

Secure Attachement

A

Children can explore happily when the parent is present, level of stress increases when the parent leaves, but the child is easily consoled and resumes playing. The child notices when the mother returns and is happy.

40
Q

Resistant Attachment

A

React to stress in an ambiguous way, may indicate a lack of trust of the parent. They are wary of new situations and refuse to leave their mother’s side. When mother leaves they cry, but are unlikely to greet the mother when they come back into the room

41
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Show no strong attachment to the mother. Not bothered by strangers in the room, no concern when the mother leaves the room and do not greet her when she enters.

42
Q

Erikson’s Crises of Development

A

His theory on personality development - that at each stage the individual’s personality is shaped by a series of psychosocial crises that they must confront

43
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

First Year: develop knowledge about how people differ and who they can trust to meet their survival needs

44
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame or doubt

A

Two: development of self control, Can I control my own actions?

45
Q

Initiative vs. guilt

A

three-six: Developing a sense of drive or initiative. Can i carry out my own plans?

46
Q

Industry vs. inferiority

A

6-12: Developing a sense of personal ability or competence

47
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A

Adolescence: Developing a single unified concept of self.

48
Q

Intimacy vs. isolation

A

Young Adulthood: Questioning the meaning of relationships with others

49
Q

Generatively vs. stagnation

A

have you contributed to the success of your children and future generations

50
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

acceptance of life, both success and failure

51
Q

Gender Schemas

A

the organized set of beliefs and perception held about men and women

52
Q

Gender roles

A

specific patterns of behaviour that are consistent with how society dictates males and females should act

GRE Psychology (2 decks)

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