Human Development, 2: Infancy and Toddlerhood (Emotional/Social Dev. Only)

Question 1

Psychosocial stage of toddlerhood

Answer 1

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Question 2

Basic Emotions in Infancy

Answer 2

Basic emotions are not yet present in infants, whose emotional responses are positive and negative affect. Basic emotions, though universal, develop later.

Question 3

Fear in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Answer 3

Fear is not common in infants, and its most common initial expression is stranger anxiety, which only develops after attachment to a caregiver - in societies that do not engage in communal caregiving.

Question 4

Requirements for Self-Conscious Emotions

Answer 4

Self-Awareness and Instruction

Question 5

Temperament

Answer 5

Very early stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation

Question 6

Clear Cut Attachment Phase

Answer 6

3rd phase of attachment, marked by separation/stranger anxiety.

Question 7

Attachment in the Making Phase

Answer 7

2nd phase of attachment, marked by a preference for a main/familiar caregiver, but retaining a ready willingness to accept strangers. This can be seen for example, in frequency fo social smiles.

Question 8

Reciprocal Relationship Phase

Answer 8

4th phase of attachment, marked by increased tolerance of caregiver separation, due to ability to predict, understand, and negotiate separations.

Question 9

Preattachment Phase

Answer 9

1st phase of attachment, marked by acceptance of virtually anybody as a caregiver or otherwise.

Question 10

Four types of Attachmment

Answer 10

Secure, Avoidant (Dismissive), Resistant (Fearful), and Disoriented (Preoccupied)

Question 11

Four phases of Attachment

Answer 11

Preattachment, Attachment-in-the-making, Clear-cut Attachment, Reciprocal Relationships

Question 12

Secure Attachment

Answer 12

This type of attachment is reflected in a degree of separation anxiety that is easily consoled on return of the familiar caregiver.

Question 13

Resistant (Fearful) Attachment

Answer 13

This type of attachment is reflected in exceptionally distressed separation anxiety, more difficulty being consoled and even aggression upon caregiver return.

Question 14

Which type of attachment is likely to change and how?

Answer 14

All insecure forms of attachment are more likely to change, either to a secure attachment or another type of insecure attachment.

Question 15

Avoidant (Dismissive) Attachment

Answer 15

This type of attachment is reflected in an apparent lack of separation anxiety, and relative apathy upon caregiver return.

Question 16

Disoriented (Preoccupied) Attachment

Answer 16

This type of attachment is reflected in unusual shifts in emotion, and a lack of interaction with the caregiver, such as not returning eye contact.

Question 17

Which type of attachment is least likely to change?

Answer 17

Secure attachment.

Question 18

What is the relationship between attachment and age?

Answer 18

Attachments usually begin to form in infancy and toddlerhood, but persons raised without a stable caregiver relationship in infancy can often catch up and form secure attachments even in childhood. Earlier adoptions/interventions are most effective.

Question 19

What are the effects of child care in infancy?

Answer 19

Child care can even lead to gains in development if the hours are limited, regular, and high quality (e.g., Australia). Poor child care is risk factor for developmental delays.

Question 20

Is child care federally regulated in the U.S.?

Answer 20

No. Licensing for childcare providers or entities is up to the individual states. Berk (2010) suggests that countries with strong central regulations for child care

Question 21

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Answer 21

Psychosocial stage of toddlerhood

Question 22

Self-Awareness and Instruction

Answer 22

Requirements for Self-Conscious Emotions

Question 23

Very early stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation

Answer 23

Temperament

Question 24

3rd phase of attachment, marked by separation/stranger anxiety.

Answer 24

Clear Cut Attachment Phase

Question 25

2nd phase of attachment, marked by a preference for a main/familiar caregiver, but retaining a ready willingness to accept strangers. This can be seen for example, in frequency fo social smiles.

Answer 25

Attachment in the Making Phase

Question 26

4th phase of attachment, marked by increased tolerance of caregiver separation, due to ability to predict, understand, and negotiate separations.

Answer 26

Reciprocal Relationship Phase

Question 27

1st phase of attachment, marked by acceptance of virtually anybody as a caregiver or otherwise.

Answer 27

Preattachment Phase

Question 28

Secure, Avoidant (Dismissive), Resistant (Fearful), and Disoriented (Preoccupied)

Answer 28

Four types of Attachmment

Question 29

Preattachment, Attachment-in-the-making, Clear-cut Attachment, Reciprocal Relationships

Answer 29

Four phases of Attachment

Question 30

This type of attachment is reflected in a degree of separation anxiety that is easily consoled on return of the familiar caregiver.

Answer 30

Secure Attachment

Question 31

This type of attachment is reflected in exceptionally distressed separation anxiety, more difficulty being consoled and even aggression upon caregiver return.

Answer 31

Resistant (Fearful) Attachment