Human Development, 2: Infancy and Toddlerhood (Emotional/Social Dev. Only) Flashcards
Psychosocial stage of toddlerhood
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Basic Emotions in Infancy
Basic emotions are not yet present in infants, whose emotional responses are positive and negative affect. Basic emotions, though universal, develop later.
Fear in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Fear is not common in infants, and its most common initial expression is stranger anxiety, which only develops after attachment to a caregiver - in societies that do not engage in communal caregiving.
Requirements for Self-Conscious Emotions
Self-Awareness and Instruction
Temperament
Very early stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation
Clear Cut Attachment Phase
3rd phase of attachment, marked by separation/stranger anxiety.
Attachment in the Making Phase
2nd phase of attachment, marked by a preference for a main/familiar caregiver, but retaining a ready willingness to accept strangers. This can be seen for example, in frequency fo social smiles.
Reciprocal Relationship Phase
4th phase of attachment, marked by increased tolerance of caregiver separation, due to ability to predict, understand, and negotiate separations.
Preattachment Phase
1st phase of attachment, marked by acceptance of virtually anybody as a caregiver or otherwise.
Four types of Attachmment
Secure, Avoidant (Dismissive), Resistant (Fearful), and Disoriented (Preoccupied)
Four phases of Attachment
Preattachment, Attachment-in-the-making, Clear-cut Attachment, Reciprocal Relationships
Secure Attachment
This type of attachment is reflected in a degree of separation anxiety that is easily consoled on return of the familiar caregiver.
Resistant (Fearful) Attachment
This type of attachment is reflected in exceptionally distressed separation anxiety, more difficulty being consoled and even aggression upon caregiver return.
Which type of attachment is likely to change and how?
All insecure forms of attachment are more likely to change, either to a secure attachment or another type of insecure attachment.
Avoidant (Dismissive) Attachment
This type of attachment is reflected in an apparent lack of separation anxiety, and relative apathy upon caregiver return.
Disoriented (Preoccupied) Attachment
This type of attachment is reflected in unusual shifts in emotion, and a lack of interaction with the caregiver, such as not returning eye contact.
Which type of attachment is least likely to change?
Secure attachment.
What is the relationship between attachment and age?
Attachments usually begin to form in infancy and toddlerhood, but persons raised without a stable caregiver relationship in infancy can often catch up and form secure attachments even in childhood. Earlier adoptions/interventions are most effective.
What are the effects of child care in infancy?
Child care can even lead to gains in development if the hours are limited, regular, and high quality (e.g., Australia). Poor child care is risk factor for developmental delays.
Is child care federally regulated in the U.S.?
No. Licensing for childcare providers or entities is up to the individual states. Berk (2010) suggests that countries with strong central regulations for child care
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Psychosocial stage of toddlerhood
Self-Awareness and Instruction
Requirements for Self-Conscious Emotions
Very early stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation
Temperament
3rd phase of attachment, marked by separation/stranger anxiety.
Clear Cut Attachment Phase
2nd phase of attachment, marked by a preference for a main/familiar caregiver, but retaining a ready willingness to accept strangers. This can be seen for example, in frequency fo social smiles.
Attachment in the Making Phase
4th phase of attachment, marked by increased tolerance of caregiver separation, due to ability to predict, understand, and negotiate separations.
Reciprocal Relationship Phase
1st phase of attachment, marked by acceptance of virtually anybody as a caregiver or otherwise.
Preattachment Phase
Secure, Avoidant (Dismissive), Resistant (Fearful), and Disoriented (Preoccupied)
Four types of Attachmment
Preattachment, Attachment-in-the-making, Clear-cut Attachment, Reciprocal Relationships
Four phases of Attachment
This type of attachment is reflected in a degree of separation anxiety that is easily consoled on return of the familiar caregiver.
Secure Attachment
This type of attachment is reflected in exceptionally distressed separation anxiety, more difficulty being consoled and even aggression upon caregiver return.
Resistant (Fearful) Attachment
