Human Development Flashcards
At what age can you start using VEP?
1 month
Infants reach VA of 20/20 w/ VEP at what age?
6 months
VEP
provide info about the integrity of the pathway of the visual system
- does NOT provide info about the ability to perceive a visual stimuli
Subjective methods show VA 20/20 by what age? (ex. snellen, forced-choice method)
3-4yo
Most common subjective method used for infants?
forced choice preferential looking (FCPL)
- infants prefer to look at a patterned stimulus rather than a solid background
Teller acuity
based on FCPL and widely used in pediatric clinics for infants up to 12 months
Examples of FCPL
broken wheel, teller acuity cards, cardiff
- used for infants up to 18 months of age
- Teller acuity cards are used up to 12 months of age
What’s the threshold of teller acuity cards?
75%
approximate spatial visual acuity using FCPL methods for:
1 month of age
1 yo
3-4 yo
1 month = 20/600 - 20/1200
1 year = 20/50-20/60
3-4 years = 20/20
OKN drum
- elicit optokinetic nystagmus
- slow eye mvmt will follow the direction of rotation the drum followed by a fast saccade in the OPPOSITE direction
Children will have asymmetric OKN until what age? Why?
3-5 yo due to incomplete development of the cortex
Normal vs abnormal OKN response
TONS = NORMAL
Temporal to Nasal
The other way is abnormal (Nasal to temporal)
positive vs negative OKN response
(+) = pt can see stripes
(-) = pt cannot see stripes or not paying attention
Vernier acuity (aka hyperacuity)
ability to detect misalignment of 2 lines
- develops slowly and worse than spatial acuity until 4 months of age
Vernier acuity reaches adult levels at what age?
6-8 years
Recognition acuity develops at what age?
the ability to detect optotypes
2-3 yo
Examples of recognition acuity
Allen pictures
American Optical pictures
HOTV chart
Lea symbols
Landolt C chart
Tumbling E chart
Snellen chart may be used at the beginning of what age?
2 yo or older may respond to the snellen chart
Why is VA poor until the age of 3-5 yo?
- Foveal cones are short and wider in infants compared to PR in adults ( reaches adult levels at 4yo)
- myelination of the visual pathway is incomplete (completed at 2 years old)
Lenght and density of cone reaches adult level at what age?
4 years old
Infants will not have a bright foveal reflex until what age?
15 months
Myelineation is complete at what age?
2 years
The visual cortex reaches adult level at what age?
6 months
Avg refractive error for a full term newborn?
+2.00D
Avg axial length for a full term newborn?
16mm (90D), compared to an adult axial length of 24mm (60D)
Emmetropization
- processes that occurs in the eye after birth, eye losing 30D to reach refractive state of emmetropia
Greatest degree of emmetropization occurs at what age?
within the first 2 years of life in response to retinal blur and location of blur relative to the retina
What’s the mean refractive error for..
10 weeks of age
1 year of age
10 weeks of age = +4.00D
1 year of age = +0.50D to +1.00D
myopia increase in prevalence during school years
When does emmetropization NOT occur?
extreme refractive erros >+5.00D/-4.50D
Premature infants (<37 weeks) or ROP usually have what kind of refractive error?
high myopia, high astig or anisometropia at birth but often have normal emmetropization with similar levels of hyperopia and astig by 12 months of age compared to full term infant
Astigmatism in newnobrn
astigmatism is present in 50% of newborn infant, with an avg 2.00D ATR
by 2 years, astig decr to 0.50D or less
Accommodation reaches adult levels at what age?
3-4 months
Vergence occurs at what age?
Divergence
Convergence
Vergence reaches adult levels at what age?
Divergence = 1 month
Convergence = 2 months
Reaches adult levels = 6 months
Accommodation and vergence becomes linked at what age?
2 months
Fixation, saccades, pursuits reaches adult levels at what age?
6 months
Stereopsis reaches adult levels at what age?
6 months
Immaturity of which part of the brain is thought to be the initial limiting factor to sensory and stereopsis before 3 months of age?
immaturity of the visual cortex
Stereoacuity reaches adult levels of 1 min of arc at what age?
24 months
Testing for sensory fusion and stereopsis in infants is very important to rule out developmental anomalies (strab, anisometropia) that may result in amblyopia
- Frisby test plates (FCPL method for children 13 months or older)
- Lang stereo test (6 months - 4 years)
- Random dot E (3 years or older)
- Randot (4 y or older)
- W4D (sensory fusion)
- Keystone visual skills card (sensory fusion for children 4 y or older)
- Vectograms (3 y or older)
Contrast sensitivity reaches adult levels at what age?
7-9 years
initial limitations due to immature retinal PR
Critical flicker frequency reaches adult levels by what age?
3 months
Newborn primarily sees what color?
red until 3yo
Ability to discriminate color occurs at what age?
3 months
scotopic sensitivity curve in infants reaches adult levels at what age?
4-7 months
Human development review
ocular dominance histogram
visually displays the number of cells that are driven by the left eye only, right eye only, or both eyes along with the degree of neural input from the right vs left eye for binocular cortical cells
- reflection of one hemisphere of the brain
ocular dominance histogram:
What does column 1 represent?
cortical cells driven by the contralateral eye
ocular dominance histogram:
What does column 7 represent?
cells driven by the ipsilateral eye