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Pyschology > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

human development

A

the study of change and continuity in the individual across the life span.

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2
Q

germinal stage

A

the first prenatal stage of development, which begins at conception and lasts two weeks.

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3
Q

zygote

A

single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg.

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4
Q

embryo

A

the term for the developing organism from 2 weeks until about 8 weeks after conception.

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5
Q

embryonic stage

A

the second prenatal stage, from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception, when all of the major organs form.

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6
Q

fetal stage

A

the third prenatal stage, which begins with the formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and ends at birth.

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7
Q

neural migration

A

the movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination; occurs during months 3–5 of the fetal stage.

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8
Q

prenatal programming

A

he process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

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9
Q

teratogens

A

substances that can disrupt normal prenatal development and cause lifelong deficits.

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10
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

a consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure that causes multiple problems, notably brain damage.

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11
Q

temperament

A

the biologically based tendency to behave in particular ways from very early in life.

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12
Q

personality

A

the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.

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13
Q

pruning

A

the degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience.

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14
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

iaget’s first stage of cognitive development (ages 0–2), when infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies.

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15
Q

object permanence

A

the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed.

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16
Q

preoperational stage

A

the second major stage of cognitive development (ages 2–5), which begins with the emergence of symbolic thought.

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17
Q

animistic thinking

A

belief that inanimate objects are alive.

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18
Q

egocentrism

A

viewing the world from one’s own perspective and not being capable of seeing things from another person’s perspective.

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19
Q

conservation

A

recognition that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as volume) remain constant.

20
Q

concrete operational stage

A

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, which spans ages 6–11, during which the child can perform mental operations—such as reversing—on real objects or events.

21
Q

formal operational stage

A

Piaget’s final stage of cognitive development, from age 11 or 12 on through adulthood, when formal logic is possible.

22
Q

zone of proximal development

A

the distance between what a child can learn alone and what that child can learn assisted by someone else, usually an adult.

23
Q

theory of mind

A

ideas and knowledge about how other people’s minds work.

24
Q

preconventional level

A

the first level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning, focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards.

25
Q

conventional level

A

the second level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning, during which the person values caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness.

26
Q

postconventional level

A

the third level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning, in which the person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules.

27
Q

imprinting

A

the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth.

28
Q

attachment

A

the strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers.

29
Q

separation anxiety

A

the distress reaction shown by babies when they are separated from their primary caregiver (typically shown at around 9 months of age).

30
Q

secure attachment

A

attachment style characterized by infants who will gradually explore new situations when the caregiver leaves and initiate contact when the caregiver returns after separation.

31
Q

social referencing

A

the ability to make use of social and emotional information from another person—especially a caregiver—in an uncertain situation.

32
Q

emotional competence

A

the ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions.

33
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period between childhood and adulthood.

34
Q

puberty

A

the period when sexual maturation begins; it marks the beginning of adolescence.

35
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period.

36
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation.

37
Q

emerging adulthood

A

the transitional phase between adolescence and young adulthood; includes ages 18–25 years.

38
Q

young adulthood

A

development stage that usually happens by mid-20s when people complete the key developmental tasks of emerging adulthood.

39
Q

intimacy

A

as defined by Erikson, the ability to fuse one’s identity with another’s without the fear of losing it.

40
Q

individuation

A

the process of a person’s personality becoming whole and full.

41
Q

generativity

A

a term Erik Erikson used to describe the process in adulthood of creating new ideas, products, or people.

42
Q

stagnation

A

situation where the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.

43
Q

fluid intelligence

A

raw mental ability, pattern recognition, abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before.

44
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

the kind of knowledge that one gains from experience and learning, education, and practice.

45
Q

dementia

A

a loss of mental function, in which many cognitive processes are impaired, such as the ability to remember, reason, solve problems, make decisions, and use language.

46
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline and characterized by a collection of symptoms, including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function.

47
Q

cyberbullying

A

the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text.

Pyschology (5 decks)

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