Human developement Flashcards
When does gametogenesis begin
prior to meiosis
In males, when does gametogenesis end
puberty
The acrosome cap is the result of modification of which organelle
golgi apparatus
What sex hormone does the hypothalamus produce, what is its target, and what does it do
GnRH, anterior pituatary, and results in the release of LH and FSH
Where do LH and FSH come from, what do they target, and what do they do
anterior pituatary, ovary, stimulates ovarian follicle growth and determination(FSH) and stimulates ovulation (LH)
Where are estrogen and progesterone produced, what do they target, and what is their effect
ovary and follicular cells (estrogen) and corpus luteum (progesterone). Both affect the uterus, vagina, oviduct, and mammary glands promoting growth and differentiation of their targets
What surround and nurture the oocyte
follicular cells
what do thecal cells do
contract
What is the mass death of oocytes seen prior to birth. What kind of process is this
oocyte atresia. Apoptosis
What are the three most common causes of miscarriages
Chromosomal abnormalities>chromosomal cleavage issues>insufficient progesterone
Where does fertilization occur
fallopian tube
what does the embryo produce to keep the corpus luteum alive
hCG
what does the corpus luteum produce and for how long
progesterone, 20 weeks
what does the corpus luteum’s secretory product do
grows the uterus
Sperm swim faster in what organ and why?
The uterus because it is alkaline
Sperm swim slower in which organ and why
The cervix because it is acidic
What is sperm capacitation
The removal of the sperm glycoprotein and seminal protein coats
what induces the acrosome reaction and what is the result
Zp3 proteins on follicular cells causes the acrosome membrane to degrade releasing enzymes which break down follicular cells–> zp–> oocyte membrane
When does meiosis II complete in women
When the sperm and oocyte membranes come in contact
What is the cortical reaction
Blocks polyspermy, oocyte granules initiate Ca2+ cascade causing granules to migrate to the membrane and cause the zp to become impervious
What are oocyte granules derived from
lysosomes
What structures does the oocyte form upon sperm contact
pronucleus and polar body
what happens after the sperm and oocyte pronuclei fuse
chromosomal replication before mitosis
