Cell proliferation and apoptosis Flashcards
What are benign tumors
tumors that don’t metastasize
What are the reversible proliferative states
regeneration, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia
Regeneration +example
1:1 replacement of defective or damaged cells with healthy ones. Liver regeneration
Hyperplasia +example
increase in the number of functional cells. smooth muscle proliferation
Metaplasia +example
adaptive, protective substitution of one cell type for another. Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease
Dysplasia
abnormally developing tissue
What is an irreversible proliferative state
Neoplasia
what is neoplasia
Tumors, benign and malignant, ex:: fibroids
Why do most cancers kills
metastasis
When does DNA synthesis occur
interphase
When does the R point occur and what enzyme functions here
G1/S step, and p53
Which cyclin pushes the cell cycle to S phase
cyclin A
What cyclin and CDK is associated with G1/S
E and 2
Cyclin D is associated with which CDK(s) and cell cycle(s)?
G1, 4 or 6
What cyclin and CDK are associated with S phase
A and 2
What c yclin and CDK are associated with M phase
B and 1
Under what circumstances is Rb active and what does it do
When unphosphorylated in binds E2F to stop transcription
Whats are the trademarks of apoptosis
Cell shrinks, organelles remain inside, chromatin systematically degraded, membrane blebs, cell phragments phagocytosed
What are the trademarks of necrosis
Cell swells, organelles damaged, chromatin degraded randomly, cell lyses, widespread inflammation
What are the two apoptotic pathways and what is the difference
Extrinsic and intrinsic. Intrinsic path can be modulated by Blc proteins
What steps do the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis share
Induction and executioon by caspases
What are the two physiologic triggers for apoptosis extrinsically
TNF-alpha and FasL
How do Bcl proteins function to cause apoptosis
they bind and phosphorylate MT membranes causing channel formation releasing cytochrome c
what is the main executioner caspase
caspase 3
Hashimoto’s disease is an example of
hypothyroidism
