Human Defence System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes disease

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2
Q

Immunity

A

The ability to resist infection

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3
Q

What are two parts of human defence system?

A

General

Specific

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4
Q

What is first life of defence

A

Barriers prevent entry of pathogen

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5
Q

Examples of first line

A

Skin, physical barrier
Clotting, blood clotts
Lysozyme, enzyme in sweat,tears,saliva-attack bacteria
Mucous, trap pathogens by sticking

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6
Q

Second line of defence?

A

Consists of white blood cells and chemicals that destroy any pathogens

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7
Q

What do phagocytic white blood cells do

Term for this?

A

Engulf and destroy harmful bacteria and virus

-phagocytosis

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8
Q

What are large phagocytes called

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

What do defence proteins do?

A

20 proteins found in plasma, activated by infections which destroy harmful pathogens

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10
Q

What are two types of defence proteins

A

Complement and interferon

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11
Q

What is complement?

A

Set of proteins in the blood system which are involved in chain reaction, result in bursting of pathogen

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12
Q

What is interferon?

A

Set of proteins produced by body cells infected by with virus, interferons spread to nearby cells stimulating them to prevent viral multiplication and thus reduce spread of virus

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13
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Infected cells release chemical that cause blood capillaries to be more pourous

Causes swelling redness heat and pain which brings more white blood cells to area

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14
Q

What does specific defence system do

A

Attacks particular pathogens

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15
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Become macrophages which recognise specific pathogens and engulf them

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16
Q

Where are lymphocytes formed

A

Bone marrow

17
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow then moves to lymph nodes

18
Q

Where do T cells mature

19
Q

What are the two B cells?

A

Plasma B cells

Memory B cells

20
Q

What do plasma B cells do?

A

Produce antibodies

-monocytes and macrophages recognise antigen on pathogen ,engulf it, and display on surface

This stimulates plasma B cells to produce specific antibody

21
Q

What is an antigen

A

A foreign molecule that causes production of antibody

22
Q

What is an antibody

A

Proteins produced by white blood cells in response to antigens

23
Q

What do antibodies do?

A
  1. Bind to pathogen, prevent entering from cell
  2. clump pathogens together to be engulfed by phagocyte
  3. Trigger complement system
24
Q

What do memory B cells do

A

Remember pathogen and produce much quicker if infected again

25
Q

What are the T cells?

A
  1. Helper T
  2. Killer T
  3. Suppressor T
  4. Memory T
26
Q

What does helper T do?

A

Recognise antigen and stimulate plasma B cells and killer T

27
Q

What does Killer T do?

A

release Perforin which breaks down cell membrane causing them to be flooded with water and burst

28
Q

Suppressor T?

A

Turn off immune system to prevent access killer T being produced

29
Q

Memory T?

A

Trigger B and T cells if reinfected

30
Q

What is induced immunity?

A

Using antibodies to resist specific disease

31
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Antibodies produced in persons body

32
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Antibodies from another organism bred the persons body

33
Q

Difference between natural and artificial active immunity

A

Natural- pathogens enter body in natural manner e.g. Catching cold

Artificial- pathogen introduced into the body e.g. Vaccine

34
Q

Difference between natural and artificial in passive immunity?

A

Natural- antibody enter body naturally e.g. Antibodies cross the placenta into feutus

Artificial- antibodies are injected into a person e.g. Anti tetnus injections

35
Q

What is a vaccine ?

A

Non disease causing dose of pathogen which triggers production of antibodies

36
Q

How do allergic reactions occur?

A

Over reaction of the immune system on harmless antigen

37
Q

What is auto immune disease ?

A

Immune cells attacking the bodies own tissue e.g. Arthritis