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Anatomy and physiology > human cell structure and function > Flashcards

human cell structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

structure of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope double membrane
nucleoplasm
nuclear pores
chromatin
nucleolus
chromosomes

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2
Q

what is the importance of nuclear pores in the nucleus membrane?

A

allows the exit of molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
for example: mRNA exits the nucleus after transcription to carry out later stages of protein synthesis

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3
Q

what is the nucleoplasm?

A

granular, jelly-like substance

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4
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

sit of rRNA production and ribosomes

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5
Q

what is chromatin?

A

mixture of DNA and proteins, chromatin is a fine network of threads

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6
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

coiled protein-bound9histones)
linear DNA

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7
Q

what happens to chromatin fibres for it to become a chromosome form?

A

coiles and condenses

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8
Q

List the functions of the nucleus.

A

-directs the cell’s metabolic activities
-responsible for DNA replication
-site for protein synthesis and DNA replication
-contains cell’s genetic code and genetic material

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9
Q

What is the form of DNA in a non-dividing cell?

A

chromatin fibres

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10
Q

What is the form of DNA in a dividing cell?

A

chromosomes

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11
Q

Is the nucleus in all cells?

A

all except erythrocytes

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12
Q

Is the nucleus the largest organelle?

A

yes

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.

A

-phospholipid bilayer
- peripheral and integral proteins
-glycolipids and glycoproteins
-cholesterol

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14
Q

describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

-phosphate group “head” hydrophilic, electric charge, attracted to water

-2 fatty acid “tails” hydrophobic, no electric charge repels water

-glycerol molecule

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15
Q

The function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • control the passage of molecules
    -regulating the internal composition of a cell
  • provides the cell with a selective barrier
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16
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

-proteins that have a branched carbohydrate attached to itself forming a glycolipid/ glycoprotein
-embedded in the membrane but does not span across the membrane

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17
Q

functions of peripheral proteins?

A
  • provides mechanical support
  • cell recognition
    -receptors for hormones and chemical messengers
    -provides cells with immunological identity
  • cellular identification
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18
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

carbohydrate attaching to proteins to form glycolipids/ glycoproteins

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19
Q

What is an integral protein?

A

embedded in the membrane and spans entirely

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20
Q

list the functions of integral proteins

A

-protein channels and carriers
-provide translocation of large molecules and water-soluble substances

21
Q

What is passive transport?

A

movement of substances from an area of high con to low conc down the conc gradient without using energy

22
Q

what are the types of passive diffusion?

A
  • osmosis
  • diffusion
    -facilitated diffusion
23
Q

definition of diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of high conc to low conc until equilibrium is reached

24
Q

definition of osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from an area of high conc to an area of low conc across a semi-permeable membrane

25
Q

Facilitated diffusion what does it transport?

A
  • large molecules, glucose and amino acids
    -water-soluble substances
26
Q

types of proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

transmembrane protein ( channel proteins)

carrier proteins

27
Q

active transport definition

A

transport of substances against their conc gradient from an area of low to high conc using ATP as a form of energy

28
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane forms cristae
  • mitochondrial DNA
    -mitochondrial matrix
    -intermembrane space
    -ribosomes
29
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration produces Atp as a form of energy

30
Q

what is found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Atp synthase enzyme

31
Q

What is the most metabolically active in the human body?

A

liver, muscles, spermatozoa

32
Q

ribosome structure?

A

-large and small (2) subunits
- composed of rRNA and proteins

33
Q

The function of the ribosome?

A

synthesis proteins during translation stage of protein synthesis from amino acids using the mRNA template

34
Q

SER function

A
  • synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones
    -lipids used to replace plasma membranes or repair membranes
35
Q

RER function

A
  • have ribosomes studded on the outer surface
    -synthesis of proteins
36
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

series of interconnecting membranous canals in the cytoplasm

37
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

small membranous vesicles which contain a variety of enzymes

38
Q

where do lysosomes come from?

A

they’re pinched off from the Golgi apparatus

39
Q

what different functions do the enzymes in the lysosomes have?

A
  • in white blood cells they digest foreign materials (microbes)
    -can break down large polymers like DNA carbohydrates proteins
40
Q

approximately how many types of cells are there?

A

200

41
Q

what are chondrocytes?

A

cartilage cells

42
Q

what are myocytes?

A

muscle cells

43
Q

what are thrombocytes?

A

platelet cells

44
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

45
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

46
Q

what are neuroglial cells?

A

-provide developmental, physiological, and metabolic support for neurons
-responsible for maintaining homeostatic control and immune surveillance in the nervous system.

47
Q

what are neurons?

A

nerve cells

48
Q

stem cells?

A

raw cells from which specialised cells are differentiated from

49
Q

what are some of the general cell actions and functions?

A

-reproduce
-nourishment
-create and maintain
-excrete
-respiration
-growth
-movement

Anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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