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for exam 3 > human brain, sheep brain, the spinal cord of both > Flashcards

human brain, sheep brain, the spinal cord of both Flashcards

1
Q

white matter

A

found in the deeper tissues of the brain (subcortical). It contains nerve fibers (axons), which are extensions of nerve cells (neurons). Many of these nerve fibers are surrounded by a type of sheath or covering called myelin.

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2
Q

grey matter

A

makes up the outer most layer of the brain. The white matter and grey matter are similar as they are both essential sections of both the brain as well as the spinal cord.

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3
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

: the deep groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres.

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4
Q

transverse fissure

A

the lateral extension of the ambient cistern that connects with the choroidal fissure superolaterally and hippocampal fissure inferolaterally.

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4
Q

cerebrum

A

the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure. It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body.

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5
Q

cerebral gyri

A

a sulcus is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. It surrounds a gyrus, creating the characteristic folded appearance of the brain in humans.

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6
Q

cerebral sulci

A

a sulcus is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. It surrounds a gyrus, creating the characteristic folded appearance of the brain in humans.

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7
Q

cerebral cortex

A

a sulcus is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. It surrounds a gyrus, creating the characteristic folded appearance of the brain in humans.

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8
Q

right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

the left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing. The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills. The left hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of people

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9
Q

frontal lobe

A

the largest lobes in the human brain and they are also the most common region of injury in traumatic brain injury. The frontal lobes are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions.

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9
Q

parietal lobe

A

either of the paired lobes of the brain at the top of the head, including areas concerned with the reception and correlation of sensory information.

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10
Q

temporal lobe

A

sit behind the ears and are the second largest lobe. They are most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory.

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11
Q

occipital lobe

A

sit at the back of the head and are responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion. Damage to the occipital lobe can include: Difficulty with locating objects in environment. Difficulty with identifying colours

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12
Q

insula

A

a cortical region linked with salience detection, self-awareness, interoception, pain processing, and addiction

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13
Q

corpus callosum

A

the primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

fornix

A

a triangular area of white matter in the mammalian brain between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus.

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15
Q

central sulcus

A

a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex

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16
Q

pre central gyrus

A

the anatomical location of the primary motor cortex and is responsible for the control of voluntary movement. Lesions occurring within the precentral gyrus affect upper motor neurons, and therefore present with upper motor neuron signs

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17
Q

post central gyrus

A

contains the primary somatosensory cortex, a significant brain region responsible for proprioception. This region perceives various somatic sensations from the body, including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

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17
Q

diencephalon

A

acts as a primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control. The plethora of communicating pathways between these structures and other parts of the body makes the diencephalon a functionally diverse area.

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18
Q

thalamus

A

a mostly gray matter structure of the diencephalon that has many essential roles in human physiology. The thalamus is composed of different nuclei that each serve a unique role, ranging from relaying sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness.

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis. It does its job by directly influencing your autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones.

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19
Q

pituitary gland

A

the major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands.

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19
Q

infundibulum

A

the hollow stalk which connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland.

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20
Q

pineal gland

A

a pea-sized conical mass of tissue behind the third ventricle of the brain, secreting a hormone-like substance in some mammals.

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21
Q

mammillary body

A

The primary function associated with the mammillary bodies is recollective memory. Memory information begins within the hippocampus

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21
Q

brain stem

A

the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum. It is composed of three sections in descending order: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

22
Q

midbrain

A

the smallest portion of the brainstem (about 1.5 cm) and its most cranial structure. It is in the brainstem between the pons caudally (mesencephalic-pons groove) and the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus, and the subthalamus.

23
Q

cerebral peduncle

A

a large collection of fiber bundles in the ventral midbrain, which originate in the cerebral cortex

24
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain

24
Q

superior colliculi

A

a paired structure in the rostral midbrain that is involved in incorporating environmental stimuli and coordinating gaze shifts involving both eye and head movements.

25
Q

inferior colliculi

A

a paired structure in the midbrain, which serves as an important relay point for auditory information as it travels from the inner ear to the auditory cortex.

26
Q

pons

A

the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.

27
Q

medulla oblongota

A

transmitting signals between the spinal cord and the higher parts of the brain and in controlling autonomic activities, such as heartbeat and respiration.

27
Q

cerebellum

A

the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity.

28
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer that lies on top of your cerebrum. Your cerebrum is the largest area of your brain. Your cerebrum divides your brain into two halves called hemispheres. The hemispheres are attached by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum

29
Q

arbor vitae

A

cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance. In some ways it more resembles a fern and is present in both cerebellar hemispheres. It brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum.

30
Q

choroid plexus

A

a network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain. It is derived from the pia mater and produces the cerebrospinal fluid.

31
Q

lateral ventricles

A

the two largest ventricles of the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Each cerebral hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle, known as the left or right lateral ventricle, respectively.

32
Q

third ventricle

A

Third ventricle (brain): anatomy, structure and function | Kenhub
The third ventricle can be described as a cuboid structure that has a roof, floor and four walls (anterior, posterior, and two lateral). Similar to the other brain ventricles, the main function of the third ventricle is to produce, secrete and convey cerebrospinal fluid.

33
Q

cerebral aquaduct

A

a fluid-filled canal that runs through the midbrain connecting the third and fourth ventricles.

33
Q

fourth ventricle

A

the most inferiorly located ventricle, draining directly into the central canal of the spinal cord. Superiorly, it connects to the third ventricle through a thin canal called the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

34
Q

olfactory

A

relating to the sense of smell.

35
Q

olfactory bulb

A

structure located in the forebrain of vertebrates that receives neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity. The axons of olfactory receptor (smell receptor) cells extend directly into the highly organized olfactory bulb, where information about odours is processed

36
Q

olfactory tract

A

connects the olfactory bulb to the remainder of the cerebral cortex. This creates a direct connection between the sensory output from the olfactory neurons and the olfactory cortex

37
Q

oculomotor

A

relating to the motion of the eye.

38
Q

trochlear

A

relating to a part of the body resembling a pulley.

39
Q

trigeminal

A

a pair of cranial nerves that connect your brain and brain stem to different parts of the brain, head, torso, and neck. Each of the 12 nerves splits to serve the two sides of your body and brain.

40
Q

abducens

A

short for abducens nerve.

41
Q

facial

A

7th cranial nerve and carries nerve fibers that control facial movement and expression. The facial nerve also carries nerves that are involved in taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and producing tears

42
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

9th cranial nerve (CN IX). It is one of the four cranial nerves that has sensory, motor, and parasympathetic functions. It originates from the medulla oblongata and terminates in the pharynx

43
Q

vagus

A

the main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system. This system controls specific body functions such as your digestion, heart rate and immune system. These functions are involuntary, meaning you can’t consciously control them

44
Q

accesory

A

essential for neck and shoulder movement, the intrinsic musculature of the larynx, and the sensitive afferences of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid musculature.

45
Q

hypoglossal

A

twelfth paired cranial nerve. Its name is derived from ancient Greek, ‘hypo’ meaning under, and ‘glossal’ meaning tongue. The nerve has a purely somatic motor function, innervating all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue (except the palatoglossus, innervated by vagus nerve).

46
Q

ventral median fissure

A

: a groove along the anterior midline of the spinal cord that incompletely divides it into symmetrical halves. called also ventral median fissure.

47
Q

dorsal medial sulcus

A

is a narrow groove; and exists only in the closed part of the medulla oblongata

48
Q

anterior funiculus

A

the white matter tracts which reside between the exit points of the anterior nerve rootlets from the anterolateral sulci of the spinal cord. The anterior funiculus comprises of several ascending and descending white matter tracts.

49
Q

posterior funiculus

A

transmit information concerning touch and limb position from the body to the brain

50
Q

ventral horns, types of nerves present: Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

A

contains motor neurons that exit the spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscle.

51
Q

dorsal horns, types of nerves present: Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

A

functions as an intermediary processing center for this information, comprising a complex network of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons as well as projection neurons that transmit the processed somatosensory information from the spinal cord to the brain

52
Q

lateral horns, types of nerves present: Cell bodies of visceral motor (ANS) neurons: T1-L2 (SNS), S2-S4 (PNS)

A

The lateral horn, which is only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions, is the central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

53
Q

grey commisure

A

a thin strip of grey matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord

54
Q

central canal

A

a channel filled with cerebrospinal fluid that travels through the spinal cord. The central canal is located below and is related to the brain’s ventricular system, from which it gets cerebrospinal fluid, and it has the same ependymal lining

55
Q

dorsal root

A

one of two “roots” which emerge from the spinal cord. It emerges directly from the spinal cord, and travels to the dorsal root ganglion.

56
Q

ventral root

A

the one of the two roots of a spinal nerve that passes anteriorly from the spinal cord separating the anterior and lateral funiculi and that consists of motor fibers. called also anterior root.

57
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

to transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.

58
Q

spinal nerve

A

mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body’s periphery.

for exam 3 (3 decks)

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