Human body systems Flashcards
skeletal
(bones)
support, structure, movement, protection
nervous
(brain, spinal cord, nerves)
coordination and control of body function through electrical signals
muscular
(skeletal muscles)
support and movement
urinary
(kidneys, bladder)
maintaining water and solute balance, elimination of waste
endocrine
(pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands)
coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules (hormones)
digestive
(stomach, intestines, liver)
ingestion and processing of foodstuffs for contribution and use by cells, elimination of waste.
immune
(thymus, spleen, lymph nodes)
defence against foreign invaders
integumentary
(skin)
protection from external environment
cardiovascular
(heart, blood vessels, blood)
transport of materials between cells
reproductive
(ovaries, uterus, testes)
perpetuation of the species
lymphatic
(lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus)
drains excess fluid from cells and returns to bloodstream. immune function.
respiratory
(lungs, airways)
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between internal and external environments
levels of organisation
SMALLEST —-> chemicals
cells
tissues
organs
body systems
LARGEST —-> organismfunctional characteristics for maintaining life
MRS GRENC
- maintain boundaries/ movement (keep internal and external environments seperate)
- reproduction (provide new cells for growth and repair)
- sensitivity/responsiveness (react to stimuli)
- growth (constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive)
- respiration (inhale O2 and use it for the production of energy)
- excretion (removing wastes from body)
- nutrition/digestion (breaking down food into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood)
what is required to maintain life?
nutrients, O2, H2O, normal body temperature (36.5-37.5), atmospheric pressure
atoms
composed of neutrons, protons and electrons
elements
consist of only one type of atom
compounds
consist of 2 or more different types of atoms
molecules
consist of 2 or more atoms (same or different types)
ion
atom that gains or loses and electron, gaining an electric charge
anion
atom that GAINS an electron to become negatively charged
cation
an atom that LOSES an electron to become positively charged
water
polar molecule
hydrophilic- water loving- easily dissolves
hydrophobic - water hating- not easily dissolved
* most abundant compound in the human body
(transports, absorbes, excretes, secretes, universal solvent, chemical reactions, dehydration)
pH
- body tries to maintain pH of 7.35-7.45
- regulated by buffers, the respiratory and urinate systems
buffers
found in the blood
acuda dissociate into H+ and lower pH while bases dissociate into OH- and raise pH —-> buffers absorb these excess ions and maintain pH
carbohydrates
* structure *
STRUCTURE: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
- monosaccharides- single unit sugars (glucose)
- disaccharides- double unit sugars (sucrose, lactose)
- polysacchides- long chains (glycogen)
carbohydrates
* function *
FUNCTIONS
- energy production (glycolysis- break down of glucose, aerobic cellular reparation- resyntheisis of ATP)
- energy storage (stored as glycogen)
- building macromolecules (convert to DNA/RNA, excess converted to fat)
- sparing protein (not enough glucose—-> breakdown of protein
lipids
* structure and function *
STRUCTURE: group of substances that are hydrophobic- cannot be mixed with water.
FUNCTIONS:
1. insulation/ thermoregulation
2.protection of organs
3. energy reserve (secondary energy source)
4. absorption of vitamins (a, d, e, k)
proteins
* structure and function *
STRUCTURE: made of amino acids (non essential and essential). DNA within the nucleus codes for the synthesis of specific proteins.
FUNCTIONS:
transport, channels and pumps, acid-base balance, fluid balance, antibodies, hormones, enzymes, structural and mechanical
enzymes
* structure and function *
STRUCTURE:
biological catalysts, class of proteins
FUNCTIONS:
speed up the rate of reactions —> without these, many metabolic processes would not occur
CAVITIES OF THE HUMAN BODY
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metabolism
total of all chemical reactions in an organism
anabolism
building up oh larger more complex substances
catabolism
breaking down of substances to gain energy. produces raw materials for anabolism and assists in creating substances to remove wastes.
homeostasis
- condition of a relatively stable internal environment maintained within narrow limits in the face of external change.
- variables controlled: heart rate, CO2, fluid balance, body temp, blood pressure, ions/ electrolytes, BGL, pH
negative feedback
reaction where the system responds to produce change in the OPPOSITE direction to the stimulus
E.g body temp, BGL
Positive feedback
reaction where the system responds to produce a change in the same direction to the stimulus
E.g childbirth
Prokaryotic cells
simplest cellular organism, single celled, lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles e.g bacteria
eukaryotic cells
more complex, contain a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, make up most multi cellular organisms
smooth ER
synthesizes hormones and lipids
golgi apparatus
proteins move to the GA where they are bound into vesicles
lysosomes
vesicles from the GA. enzymes within are used to breakdown organelle fragments and larger molecules
centrosomes
direct the microtubule organisation within the cell
nucleolous
essential for the formation of ribosomes, composed of RNA
nucleus
contains DNA
mitochondria
provides the chemical energy required through aerobic respirations
ribosomes
hold RNA, synthesize proteins from amino acids
rough ER
protein synthesis occurs here as the R. ER is studded with ribosomes.
cytoplasm
helps maintain the shape of the cell
