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Core Science > Human Body Short Answer > Flashcards

Human Body Short Answer Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic material (DNA) inherited from the parents

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A gel-like fluid inside the cell, where most chemical reactions take place (including anaerobic respiration)

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

The outer boundary of the cell that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site aerobic respirations and making energy

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5
Q

Explain the relationship between the cell nucleus, DNA, chromosomes and genes.

A

Chromosomes are stored inside the cell nucleus. Chromosomes are made up of very tightly coiled DNA. A gene is a short section of DNA that codes for a specific trait/characteristic.

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6
Q

Two main sections of cell cycle:

A

Mitotic (when the cell is actively dividing) and interphase (rest of cycle).

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7
Q

Stages of mitosis x5
(hint IPMAT)

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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8
Q

Four stages of cell cycle:

A
  1. Growth and preparation for DNA replication
  2. DNA replication
  3. Growth and preparation for mitosis
  4. Mitosis
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9
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromosomes shorten and thicken
  • ## Nucleus membrane disappears
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10
Q

Chromatids

A

Copies of each chromosomes, held together by centromeres

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11
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Spindle fibres attach to centromeres
  • Chromosomes line up along equator of cell
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12
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres split
  • Individual chromatids move towards cell poles pulled by spindle fibres
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13
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process in which a cell produces two daughter cells genetically identical to their parent cell for growth and repair

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14
Q

Telophase

A
  • Two identical groups of chromosomes collect at each cell end
    Plasma membrane separates and two identical daughter cells are formed
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15
Q

Base Pairing Rule

A

A-T, G-C

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16
Q

Nucleotide

A

Section of DNA containing a sugar, a phosphate, and a base

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17
Q

Explain the process of DNA replication.

A
  • The DNA helix undiwnds.
  • Hydrogen bonds between the bases break and strands unzip
  • New nucleotides bind to their base pairs to form a new strand
  • The semi-conservative strands wind into their double helix
  • Two identical DNA molecules are formed
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18
Q

What must occur before a cell copied itself?

A

DNA replication

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19
Q

Why will new DNA strands be identical to the original?

A

New DNA strands consists of one strand of parent DNA due to semi-conservation. Because base pairing rule means A-T, G-C, the new other strand will be identical to the other parent strand, meaning that the new DNA strands will be identical to the parent DNA strands.

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20
Q

Triplet

A

Three nucleotide bases in a gene

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21
Q

Amino Acid

A

Coded for by triplets and used to make proteins

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22
Q

Decsribe the relationship between amino acids and proteins.

A

Amino acids join together by peptide bonds to produce long chains, which fold into a specific shape and form proteins.

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23
Q

Examples of proteins and their functions.

A

Haemoglobin: carrying oxygen through he bloodstream

Insulin: removes glucose from bloodstream and into cells so that energy can be made.

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24
Q

List the 6 main nutrients.

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, water

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25
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Source of energy for cellular respiration. Can be Simple or Complex.

26
Q

Simple Sugar (Monosaccharides)

A

Small molecules, providing instant energy and easily digested (enters blood stream quickly). In useable from and require very little effort to break down into an energy source (high GI)

27
Q

Complex Sugars (Polysaccharides)

A

Large molecules, slowly digested and energy is released slowly. In storage form and require a lot of effort to break down into useable format (Low GI)

28
Q

Simple Sugars test

A

Benedicts (+ water bath). Will change colour form blue to brick red.

29
Q

Complex Sugars test

A

Iodine. Will change from brown to black.

30
Q

Proteins

A

Essential for growth, cell repair, communications and cell replacement. Specialised proteins are enzymes.

31
Q

Structure of proteins.

A

Polypeptide Chain made of amino acids

32
Q

Lipids

A
33
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking nutrients into the body through the mouth

34
Q

Digestion

A

The process of breaking down food into smaller useable particles

35
Q

Absorbtion

A

When products of digestion are taken into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine

36
Q

Assimilation

A

How the products of digestion are delivered via the blood to their target cells and organs

37
Q

Egestion

A

Getting rid of undigested food as faeces

38
Q

Pathway of food through human digestive system:

A

Mouth - Oesophagus - Stomach - Small Intestine (Duodenum then Ileum) - Large Intestine - Rectum - Anus

39
Q

Peristalsis

A

A wave-like motion involving the contraction and relaxation of muscles to squeeze food along a tube, aiding also in mechanical digestsion.

In more detail: Circular muscles contract behind the bolus to stop it form going backwards and longitudinal muscles widen the diameter and shorten the length of the tube.

40
Q

Liver

A

Makes bile

41
Q

Gall bladder

A

Where bile is stored

42
Q

Bile

A

Starts the emulsification of lipids

43
Q

Pancreas

A

Makes pancreatic enzymes
Make bicarbonate solution which neutralises stomach acid

44
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

Releases pancreatic enzymes

45
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

Made up of pancreatic enzymes which break down carbohydrates (amylase), proteins (proteases) and lipids (lipases)

Also contains bicarbonate solution which denatures acidic enzymes from the stomach

46
Q

Gastric Fluid is made up of three main fluids:

A

Hydrochloric acid: Dissolves foods by denaturing proteins. Also kills pathogens that enter the body via food

Pepsin: breaks down proteins into amino acids

Mucus: Forms a protective layer to stop enzymes from digesting the stomach itself

47
Q

Gastric Pits

A

Holes lining the stomach interior which secrete gastric fluid

48
Q

Denature

A

Change in an enzymes shape, due to pH or temperature changes, making an enzyme useless

49
Q

Churning

A

Contraction of stomach muscle to mix food and gastric juices - physical digestion

50
Q

Villi and mircovilli

A

Small finger-like projections that line the small intestine.

They increase the surface area of the small intestine to increase the rate of absorption

51
Q

Adaptions of the Villi:

A

Thin walls make it easier for nutrients to diffuse over a short distance from the small intestine into the bloodstream

Capillary network sits close to surface so that there is a short diffusion distance for amino acids, glucose and water into the blood

Lymph capillary down the centre of villi to absorb fatty acids and glycerol for transportation through the lymph system

52
Q

Enzymes and how they work

FINISH

A

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction.

An enzyme takes the substrate in at the active site, fitting like a lock and key, and produces something new

53
Q

pH affecting enzymes

A

Enzymes need a specific pH otherwise they will denature and become useless

54
Q

temperature affecting enzymes

A

Enzymes need a specific temperature otherwise they will denature and become useless

55
Q

Surface area affecting enzymes

A

A surface area increases, more enzymes are exposed tot he substrate, therefore reactions will take place at a faster rate

56
Q

Human Blood Composition

A

54% - Plasma.
1% - White blood cells and platelets.
45% Red Blood cells.

57
Q

Plasma

A

Transports CO2 from cells to lungs, nutrients from SI to cells, and hormones to your cells

58
Q

What is the universal receiver of blood?

A

AB+

59
Q

+ or - in a blood type

A

The Rhesus protein: positive have it and negative don’t have it

60
Q

What is the universal donator of blood?

A

O-

Core Science (7 decks)

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