Human body Flashcards
What is the chemical level of organisation in the body
Atoms and molecules
What is the cellular level of organisation of the body example
Smooth muscle cells
What is the tissue level of organisation of the body example
Smooth muscle
What is the organs Level of organisation of the body example
Blood vessels
The 4 ways tissues are classified
Nervous
Muscular
Epithelial
Connective
What is the purpose of connective tissue
Support
Bind and protect organs
What is the purpose of nervous tissue
Be excitable
specialised for rapid signal connection
What is the purpose of Muscular tissue(2)
Excitable
Specialised for contraction
What is the structural classification of epithelial tissue
Simple
Stratified
Which type of epithelial tissue have more than one layer
Stratified
Location of stratified epithelial tissue
Skin
Name 3 main properties of connective tissue
Cells
Fibres
Ground substance or matrix
What type of fibres in connective tissue
Collagen
Elastin
Location of connective tissue 2 examples
Walls of large blood vessels
Lungs
Name 2 main properties of Nervous tissue
Neurones
Glial cells
Location of nervous tissue 2 examples
Brain
Spindle cord
What Are the three types of cells in connective tissue
Cyte cells
Clast cells
Blast cells
What can muscular cells do?
Excitability
Contractibility
Extensibility
Elasticity
examples of muscle tissue (3)
Skeletal - muscle that are attach to skeleton
smooth -walls of hollow organs
cardiac- around heart
Function of nervous tissue relate to structure
Neurones and glial cells help transmit nerve impulses and provide nutrients to neurones. which helps with monitor and regulate the function of the body
Function of epithelial tissue (5)
secretion
filtration
protection
Absorption
Sensation
what is the function of muscle tissue
Is to produce movement of the body
What is the 6 functions of connective tissue
Binding of organs
Support
Physical protection
immune protection
Movement
Storage
What does interdependency mean
the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.
What is homeostasis
A self regulating process by which organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
What does excitable tissue mean
tissue made of cells that can alter membrane potential in response to stimuli and generate action potential
What can you subdivide epithelial tissue into
covering and lining
glandular
What are 5 main structures of simple epithelial
one layer cells
Basement membrane
Different shape nuclei
Basal apical specialisation
No blood vessels
Name three main types of epithelial tissue
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
epithelial tissue do not have blood vessels what do they have to do
rely on other blood vessels that sit around and beneath the basement membrane and use diffusion
Name two features simple squamous epithelium have
Single layer flattened cell
Nuclei that are wider than they are tall
Name two features simple cuboidal epithelium
Cube like cells ( tall as they are wide
spherical central nuclei
Example of the location of simple squamous epithelium
Lining of the heart
Example of the location of simple cuboidal epithelium
Surface of the ovary
Name the two features of simple columnar epithelium
round oval nuclei
Taller cells than they are wide
Does simple columnar epithelium have a specialisation and example
yes
Apical specialisation absorbance of nutrients from lumen or tube of the gut through microvilli
Locations of simple columnar epithelium
lining of the gallbladder
How are the many layers of cells created in stratified epithelium cells
From the basement membrane layer of stem cells called basal cells one daughter cell will stay at the basement membrane others will migrate through the layers which will cause the thick epithelium.
What is skin as a tissue and what does it provide
Stratified epithelium
It provides
Absorbance and secretion
Physical protection
What are the main types of connective tissue (4)
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
What is the ground substance made of
Water and hygroscopic proteoglycan
What are the three common cell type in connective tissue
Blast
Clast
Cyte
Which two cells work together in connective tissue and why
Blast and clast
They interact in a homeostatic controlled to maintain good quality of tissue
What do blast cells do
They are active, immature , dividing cells that secrete ground substance and fibres
They build tissue
What are fibroblasts
associate with connective tissue proper and involved in repair of tissue
Location of Chondroblast
In cartilage
Location of osteoblast
Bone
What do clast cells do
Break down connective tissue
Location of osteoclast
Bone
Location of chondroclast
cartilage
What do cyte cells do
maintain, recycle and organise the management and maintenance of the tissue
What do cyte cells got
They are one of the longest living cells in the body
What cells in blast cells (3)
chondroblast
Fibroblast
Osteoblast
What cells in clast cells
Osteoclast
Chondroclast
What cells in cyte cells
osteocytes
Chondrocytes
Name the three types of connective tissue proper
Areolar
Dense
Adipose
Where can you find Areolar connective tissue
Gut wall
Where can you find dense connective tissue
Meninges that surrounds the brain
What is adipose connective tissue known as
Body fat
What does the cartilage do
supports the structure of the body
Where can you find cartilage
in ears
What does cartilage not have much of
nerves and blood vessels
What does hyaline cartilage create
A smooth slick surface
Name 3 cartilages
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibro
Location of fibrocartilage
Integrated discs
What can fibro cartilage give
Shock absorbant
What does bone help with
locomotion and supports and protects soft tissue
What does blood help with
connect the body system
transport oxygen and nutrients
remove waste products
What does blood contain
cells ( red and white)
Matrix
Fibres
What do neurones do ( 3 things)
Communicate
Process
Network
What do Gilial cells do
support
Name 3 types of muscle tissue
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
what is the cell
smallest structural or functional unit of the body
Define Nucleus
contains DNA
Define nucleolus
production of ribosomes
Ribosome
manufactures proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
studded with mature ribosomes- protein factory
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lipid synthesis and detoxication
Golgi apparatus
process and packing of proteins
mitochondrion
energy production
heat production
lysosomes
destruction of debris and waste product
Cyoskeleton
structural support and maintain cell shape
What does the cell membrane do
closes off the cell to the rest of the body
What is contained in a phospholipid
Phosphate head
Fatty acid tail
what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic and what does hydrophilic means
the head
Hydrophilic attract to water because its charged
What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and what does hydrophobic mean
fatty acid tail
Hydrophobic repels water
What can phospholipid arrange into
Bilipid layer
is the cell membrane permeable?
False it is semi permeable
What are the five membrane transport mechanisms
Diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
Active transport
cytosis
What happens to the particle in diffusion
is energy required
Name one example
move from high concentration to low concentration until the two areas are at a equilibrium
no energy requires
Example- oxygen
Why can some particle can move through the cell membrane freely
they are not charged ions
What is osmosis
movement of a solvent across a semi permeable membrane from low concentrated to high concentrated solution
what is the term used when the cell has swelled up
hypotonic
What is the term when the cell is normal
isotonic
What is facilitated diffusion
creating a Chanel and making the membrane selectively permeable allowing ions to go through from high to a low concentration.
what three transport mechanism do not require energy
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
Example of facilitated diffusion that passes through
Chlorine ions
what is active transport
movement of ions across a cell membrane from high concentration by ATP
What is cytosis
Transport mechanism for the movement of large quantities of molecules into and out of cell
what transport mechanisms require energy
Cytosis
Active transport
What does endocytosis mean
into
What does exocytosis mean
Out
example of active transport
sodium, potassium ATPase
a group of similar cells with a common function is called
a- organ
b- tissue
c- organ system
d- organism
b
Concerning organelles select the statement that is false
a- lysosomes destroy cellular debris and waste product
b-The Golgi apparatus processes and package off proteins
c- the smooth endoplasmic reticule is a site for protein synthesis
d- mitochondria are involved in the production of heat
c
concerning cells and tissues select the statement that is false
a- organelles are membrane bound structure in the cytoplasm
b- The cytoskeleton provides structural support to maintain cell shape
c- Cell membrane are fully permeable
d- there are four main types in the human body
c
Q
When considering calcium homeostasis of blood the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the pituitary glands
a- osteoclasts degrading bone matrix and blood calcium levels increasing
b- osteoclasts degrading bone matrix and blood calcium increasing
c- osteoblasts building bone matrix and blood calcium levels decreasing
d- osteoblasts building bone matrix and blood calcium levels increasing
b
The movement of a solvent ( usually water) through a semi permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated solution is known as
A- osmosis
b- Active transport
c- Diffusion
d- facilitated diffusion
a
