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Unit 1 > Human body > Flashcards

Human body Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical level of organisation in the body

A

Atoms and molecules

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2
Q

What is the cellular level of organisation of the body example

A

Smooth muscle cells

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3
Q

What is the tissue level of organisation of the body example

A

Smooth muscle

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4
Q

What is the organs Level of organisation of the body example

A

Blood vessels

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5
Q

The 4 ways tissues are classified

A

Nervous
Muscular
Epithelial
Connective

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6
Q

What is the purpose of connective tissue

A

Support
Bind and protect organs

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7
Q

What is the purpose of nervous tissue

A

Be excitable
specialised for rapid signal connection

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8
Q

What is the purpose of Muscular tissue(2)

A

Excitable
Specialised for contraction

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9
Q

What is the structural classification of epithelial tissue

A

Simple
Stratified

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10
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue have more than one layer

A

Stratified

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11
Q

Location of stratified epithelial tissue

A

Skin

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12
Q

Name 3 main properties of connective tissue

A

Cells
Fibres
Ground substance or matrix

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13
Q

What type of fibres in connective tissue

A

Collagen
Elastin

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14
Q

Location of connective tissue 2 examples

A

Walls of large blood vessels
Lungs

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15
Q

Name 2 main properties of Nervous tissue

A

Neurones
Glial cells

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16
Q

Location of nervous tissue 2 examples

A

Brain
Spindle cord

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17
Q

What Are the three types of cells in connective tissue

A

Cyte cells
Clast cells
Blast cells

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18
Q

What can muscular cells do?

A

Excitability
Contractibility
Extensibility
Elasticity

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19
Q

examples of muscle tissue (3)

A

Skeletal - muscle that are attach to skeleton
smooth -walls of hollow organs
cardiac- around heart

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20
Q

Function of nervous tissue relate to structure

A

Neurones and glial cells help transmit nerve impulses and provide nutrients to neurones. which helps with monitor and regulate the function of the body

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21
Q

Function of epithelial tissue (5)

A

secretion
filtration
protection
Absorption
Sensation

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22
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue

A

Is to produce movement of the body

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23
Q

What is the 6 functions of connective tissue

A

Binding of organs
Support
Physical protection
immune protection
Movement
Storage

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24
Q

What does interdependency mean

A

the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.

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25
Q

What is homeostasis

A

A self regulating process by which organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.

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26
Q

What does excitable tissue mean

A

tissue made of cells that can alter membrane potential in response to stimuli and generate action potential

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27
Q

What can you subdivide epithelial tissue into

A

covering and lining
glandular

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28
Q

What are 5 main structures of simple epithelial

A

one layer cells
Basement membrane
Different shape nuclei
Basal apical specialisation
No blood vessels

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29
Q

Name three main types of epithelial tissue

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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30
Q

epithelial tissue do not have blood vessels what do they have to do

A

rely on other blood vessels that sit around and beneath the basement membrane and use diffusion

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31
Q

Name two features simple squamous epithelium have

A

Single layer flattened cell
Nuclei that are wider than they are tall

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32
Q

Name two features simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Cube like cells ( tall as they are wide
spherical central nuclei

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33
Q

Example of the location of simple squamous epithelium

A

Lining of the heart

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34
Q

Example of the location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Surface of the ovary

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35
Q

Name the two features of simple columnar epithelium

A

round oval nuclei
Taller cells than they are wide

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36
Q

Does simple columnar epithelium have a specialisation and example

A

yes
Apical specialisation absorbance of nutrients from lumen or tube of the gut through microvilli

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37
Q

Locations of simple columnar epithelium

A

lining of the gallbladder

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38
Q

How are the many layers of cells created in stratified epithelium cells

A

From the basement membrane layer of stem cells called basal cells one daughter cell will stay at the basement membrane others will migrate through the layers which will cause the thick epithelium.

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39
Q

What is skin as a tissue and what does it provide

A

Stratified epithelium
It provides
Absorbance and secretion
Physical protection

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40
Q

What are the main types of connective tissue (4)

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

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41
Q

What is the ground substance made of

A

Water and hygroscopic proteoglycan

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42
Q

What are the three common cell type in connective tissue

A

Blast
Clast
Cyte

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43
Q

Which two cells work together in connective tissue and why

A

Blast and clast
They interact in a homeostatic controlled to maintain good quality of tissue

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44
Q

What do blast cells do

A

They are active, immature , dividing cells that secrete ground substance and fibres
They build tissue

45
Q

What are fibroblasts

A

associate with connective tissue proper and involved in repair of tissue

46
Q

Location of Chondroblast

A

In cartilage

47
Q

Location of osteoblast

A

Bone

48
Q

What do clast cells do

A

Break down connective tissue

49
Q

Location of osteoclast

A

Bone

50
Q

Location of chondroclast

A

cartilage

51
Q

What do cyte cells do

A

maintain, recycle and organise the management and maintenance of the tissue

52
Q

What do cyte cells got

A

They are one of the longest living cells in the body

53
Q

What cells in blast cells (3)

A

chondroblast
Fibroblast
Osteoblast

54
Q

What cells in clast cells

A

Osteoclast
Chondroclast

55
Q

What cells in cyte cells

A

osteocytes
Chondrocytes

56
Q

Name the three types of connective tissue proper

A

Areolar
Dense
Adipose

57
Q

Where can you find Areolar connective tissue

A

Gut wall

58
Q

Where can you find dense connective tissue

A

Meninges that surrounds the brain

59
Q

What is adipose connective tissue known as

A

Body fat

60
Q

What does the cartilage do

A

supports the structure of the body

61
Q

Where can you find cartilage

A

in ears

62
Q

What does cartilage not have much of

A

nerves and blood vessels

63
Q

What does hyaline cartilage create

A

A smooth slick surface

64
Q

Name 3 cartilages

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibro

65
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

Integrated discs

66
Q

What can fibro cartilage give

A

Shock absorbant

67
Q

What does bone help with

A

locomotion and supports and protects soft tissue

68
Q

What does blood help with

A

connect the body system
transport oxygen and nutrients
remove waste products

69
Q

What does blood contain

A

cells ( red and white)
Matrix
Fibres

70
Q

What do neurones do ( 3 things)

A

Communicate
Process
Network

71
Q

What do Gilial cells do

A

support

72
Q

Name 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

73
Q

what is the cell

A

smallest structural or functional unit of the body

74
Q

Define Nucleus

A

contains DNA

75
Q

Define nucleolus

A

production of ribosomes

76
Q

Ribosome

A

manufactures proteins

77
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

studded with mature ribosomes- protein factory

78
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid synthesis and detoxication

79
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

process and packing of proteins

80
Q

mitochondrion

A

energy production
heat production

81
Q

lysosomes

A

destruction of debris and waste product

82
Q

Cyoskeleton

A

structural support and maintain cell shape

83
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

closes off the cell to the rest of the body

84
Q

What is contained in a phospholipid

A

Phosphate head
Fatty acid tail

85
Q

what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic and what does hydrophilic means

A

the head
Hydrophilic attract to water because its charged

86
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and what does hydrophobic mean

A

fatty acid tail
Hydrophobic repels water

87
Q

What can phospholipid arrange into

A

Bilipid layer

88
Q

is the cell membrane permeable?

A

False it is semi permeable

89
Q

What are the five membrane transport mechanisms

A

Diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
Active transport
cytosis

90
Q

What happens to the particle in diffusion
is energy required
Name one example

A

move from high concentration to low concentration until the two areas are at a equilibrium
no energy requires
Example- oxygen

91
Q

Why can some particle can move through the cell membrane freely

A

they are not charged ions

92
Q

What is osmosis

A

movement of a solvent across a semi permeable membrane from low concentrated to high concentrated solution

93
Q

what is the term used when the cell has swelled up

A

hypotonic

94
Q

What is the term when the cell is normal

A

isotonic

95
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

creating a Chanel and making the membrane selectively permeable allowing ions to go through from high to a low concentration.

96
Q

what three transport mechanism do not require energy

A

osmosis
facilitated diffusion
Diffusion

97
Q

Example of facilitated diffusion that passes through

A

Chlorine ions

98
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of ions across a cell membrane from high concentration by ATP

99
Q

What is cytosis

A

Transport mechanism for the movement of large quantities of molecules into and out of cell

100
Q

what transport mechanisms require energy

A

Cytosis
Active transport

101
Q

What does endocytosis mean

A

into

102
Q

What does exocytosis mean

A

Out

103
Q

example of active transport

A

sodium, potassium ATPase

104
Q

a group of similar cells with a common function is called
a- organ
b- tissue
c- organ system
d- organism

A

b

105
Q

Concerning organelles select the statement that is false
a- lysosomes destroy cellular debris and waste product
b-The Golgi apparatus processes and package off proteins
c- the smooth endoplasmic reticule is a site for protein synthesis
d- mitochondria are involved in the production of heat

A

c

106
Q

concerning cells and tissues select the statement that is false
a- organelles are membrane bound structure in the cytoplasm
b- The cytoskeleton provides structural support to maintain cell shape
c- Cell membrane are fully permeable
d- there are four main types in the human body

A

c

107
Q

Q
When considering calcium homeostasis of blood the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the pituitary glands
a- osteoclasts degrading bone matrix and blood calcium levels increasing
b- osteoclasts degrading bone matrix and blood calcium increasing
c- osteoblasts building bone matrix and blood calcium levels decreasing
d- osteoblasts building bone matrix and blood calcium levels increasing

A

b

108
Q

The movement of a solvent ( usually water) through a semi permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated solution is known as
A- osmosis
b- Active transport
c- Diffusion
d- facilitated diffusion

A

a

Unit 1 (6 decks)

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