Human Blood

Question 1

What is blood made of?

Answer 1

Several cells that float in plasma

Question 2

What does plasma contain?

Answer 2

Different substances that are dissolved in it - amino acids, hormones, CO2, urea

Question 3

What are the proteins in plasma called?

Answer 3

Plasma proteins

Question 4

What shape are red blood cells?

Answer 4

Bioconcave disc

Question 5

What are red blood cells filled with?

Answer 5

Haemoglobin

Question 6

Why is it good for the RBC to have a biconcave disc shape?

Answer 6

-Allows for flexibility
-More space for haemoglobin
-Large surface area

Question 7

How long to RBC live for?

Answer 7

120 days

Question 8

Where are RBC made?

Answer 8

Bone marrow

Question 9

How many RBC are made a second?

Answer 9

2 million

Question 10

People who live at high altitudes have what happen to their RBC?

Answer 10

There is less O2 in the air, thus, they produce more red blood cells so that their blood can transport enough oxygen around their bodies

Question 11

What is aneamia?

Answer 11

When a person’s blood has too little RBC

Question 12

What is the cause of anaemia?

Answer 12

Iron deficiency or loss of blood

Question 13

What is oxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 13

The combonation of O2 and haemoglobin

Question 14

How many times bigger are WBC cells than RBC?

Answer 14

2x

Question 15

What are WBC important for in our bodies?

Answer 15

Immune system

Question 16

What are pathogens?

Answer 16

Organisms wich cause disease e.g. bacteria, viruses

Question 17

What 2 things destroy pathogens?

Answer 17

Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

Question 18

How do Phagocytes destroy pathogens?

Answer 18

By digesting them through the process of phagocytosis

Question 19

Explain the process of phagocytosis

Answer 19

1. Cell flows around bacteria
2. Cell traps bacteria
3. Bacteria becomes trapped in a vacuole
4. Enzymes are secreted into the vacuole, they kill and digest bacteria
5. soluble substances made by digestion are absorbed into phagocyte’s cytoplasm

Question 20

How do lymphocytes destroy bacteria?

Answer 20

By producing antibodies, they may kill or make it easier for the phagocytes to kill the pathogens

Question 21

What are platelets? Do they have a nucleus?

Answer 21

Fragments of cells, they do not have a nucleus

Question 22

Where are platelets made?

Answer 22

Red bone marrow

Question 23

In what process to platelets help in?

Answer 23

Clotting

Question 24

What does clotting prevent?

Answer 24

Prevents too much blood loss and pathogens from entering the body

Question 25

What makes blood clot?

Answer 25

Platelets and thrombin system

Question 26

What is haemophilia?

Answer 26

A disease caused by the lack of the protein factor viii. It results in the extremely slow clotting of blood.

Question 27

What is used to prevent blood needed for transfusions from clotting?

Answer 27

An anticoagulant such as sodium citrate

Question 28

What happens when a blood clot occurs in an artery?

Answer 28

A thrombosis which can cause a stroke or heart attack

Question 29

What is it called when someone looses a lot of blood?

Answer 29

A haemorrhage

Question 30

What is the sticking together of RBC called?

Answer 30

Agglutination

Question 31

Types of blood groups

Answer 31

A, B, AB, O

Question 32

What does donor mean?

Answer 32

The person giving the blood

Question 33

What does recipient mean?

Answer 33

The person receiving the blood

Question 34

What is found on the surface of RBC?

Answer 34

Antigens

Question 35

What is found in the plasma?

Answer 35

Antibodies

Question 36

What are the 2 types of antigens?

Answer 36

A and B

Question 37

What are the 2 types of antibodies?

Answer 37

Anti-A and anti-B

Question 38

What happens if antibody A mixes with antigen A?

Answer 38

Agglutination

Question 39

What happens if antibody B mixes with antigen B?

Answer 39

Agglutination

Question 40

Who is the universal donor?

Answer 40

O

Question 41

Who is the universal recipient?

Answer 41

AB

Question 42

What happens if Rh+ blood is given to a person with Rh- blood

Answer 42

The first time no harm is done but the Rh- person will begin to produce anti-Rhesus antibodies, the second time the blood will start attacking itself

Question 43

Symptoms of Rhesus disease

Answer 43

Haemolytic anaemia, jaundice

Question 44

What is haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 44

When many red blood cells are destroyed, decreasing the number RBC causing less oxygen to be transported around the body

Question 45

What is jaundice?

Answer 45

An illness caused by the build up of bilirubin (bilirubin is a yellow substance created when red blood cells are broken down). This illness causes yellowing of the whites of the eyes and skin.

Question 46

Why do rhesus baby’s develop jaundice?

Answer 46

Bilirubin is broken down by the liver but because newborns’ livers are not fully developed they can’t handle the increase of bilirubin and amount of red blood cells being destroyed, this is why it develops jaundice.

Question 47

What is the treatment for Rhesus disease?

Answer 47

Phototherapy treatment

Question 48

What is phototherapy?

Answer 48

Blue light is used to change the molecular structure of bilirubin from fat soluble to water soluble, this allows for bilirubin to be excreted in urine.

Question 49

What are mothers who are making anti-Rhesus antibodies given?

Answer 49

Anti-rhesus immunoglobulin, this prevents them from making the antibodies

Question 50

percentage of people with Rh+ blood

Answer 50

85%

Question 51

percentage of people with Rh- blood

Answer 51

15%

Question 52

Percentage of people with O, A, B, AB blood

Answer 52

47%, 41%, 9%, 3%

Question 53

Functions of blood

Answer 53

Transport, protection, regulation

Question 54

Blood transports what around the body?

Answer 54

-O2 from lungs to all cells of the body -CO2 from cells to lungs -Food substances from intestines to all parts of the body -Unwanted substances from the cells to the kidneys to get rid of them -Hormones and antibodies from one part of the body to another

Question 55

How does the blood protect the body?

Answer 55

-Produces antibodies to kill germs -Phagocytosis of germs -Clotting of blood to prevent blood loss and germs from entering the body

Question 56

How does the blood regulate our bodies?

Answer 56

-Controls the amount of water and chemicals in tissues -Helps keep body temperature constant by spreading warmth evenly around the body