Human Behavior Flashcards
List Erikson’s 8 Stage of Psychosocial Development?
- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1) - based on caregiver’s consistency, child will learn to trust/have confidence or have insecurities and anxieties/lack trust
- Automony vs. Shame/Doubt (ages 1-3) Working to establish independence, will either feel secure or have shame
- Initiative vs. Guilt (ages 3-6) Starts to initiate games with others, child will either develop a sense of confidence in ability to lead others or they will feel like they are a nuisance to others
- Industry vs. Inferiority (ages 6-12) Completes projects, feels proud about work. will either feel industrious/capable or they will feel like they will doubt their abilities
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 12-18) Starts to contemplate, “who am I?!” Will either develop a strong sense of self or a sense of confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (ages 20s - early 40s) Starts romantic relationships, will either embrace love and connection to others or will fear intimacy/commitment
- Generavity vs. Stagnation (ages 40s - 60s) Establishes self/settles down into life/starts family, will feel accomplished and good about raising kids or will feel stagnate or unproductive
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (ages 60s - end of life) Contemplate life’s accomplishments, will either feel proud and accomplished or hopelessness and despair
What are the 3 Domains of Development
- Cognitive - mental skills/knowledge
- Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self)
- Psychomotor: Manual or physical skills (skills)
List Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
a. Sensorimotor (ages 0-2) - Object Permanence, primitive logic, beings intentional actions
b. Preoperational (ages 2-7) - Egocentric, symbolic thinking, thinking is concrete/irreversible
c. Concrete Operations (ages 7-11) - Logical thinking, beginning of logical thought, understands cause/effect, thinking is reversible
d. Formal Thought (ages 11 - maturity) - Abstract thinking, assume adult roles/responsibilities
What is behaviorist learning theory?
Learning is viewed in changed behavior and the stimuli of the external environment is the focus of learning. SW aims to change external environment to influence desired behavioral changes. ex. drug rehab…
What is the Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning is viewed through internal mental processes and cognitive structures, SW aims to develop opportunities to foster capacity to develop skills
What is the Humanist Learning Theory
Learning is viewed as a person’s activities aimed at reaching their full potential. SW focuses on developing the whole person
What is the Social/Situational Learning Theory
Learning is obtained through person-in-environment interactions/social contexts, SW aims to foster opportunities for conversations
Define Race?
physical characteristics (skin color)
Define Ethnicity?
Shared cultural characteristics (language, religion)
Define Cultural Identity?
Individual/self- identification within a culture or group, influenced by that group or culture
List Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological Needs (food, water, shelter, sleep)
- Safety Needs (protection from elements
- Social (Love & Belonging) Needs (Connection, Intimacy, love)
- Esteem Needs (Self-respect & Respect from Others)
- Self-Actualization (realizing personal potential)
List the different parenting styles?
a. Authoritative - strict and warm
b. Authoritarian - strict and cold
c. Permissive - undemanding, but supportive
d. Uninvolved - undemanding, unsupportive
List the three levels of awareness
a. Conscious - current state of being/present at any given moment
b. Preconscious - information outside of current attention, but can be easily tapped into
c. Unconscious - thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories that you are unaware of, but influence behavior
List the three Personality Components
a. Id - instinctual energy, pleasure principle, contains thoughts and drives
b. Ego - regulates the id and real world, reality principle (ego-syntonic, ego-dystonic, and ego strengths)
c. Superego - moral component, higher self
List Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
a. Oral (birth to 12 mos) Source of pleasure is oral and can lead to oral fixation or dependence on others
b. Anal (2, potty-training age) source of pleasure is bowel movements and can lead to being overly controlling or easily angered
c. Phallic (3-5) Source of pleasure involves genitals and can lead to guilt or anxiety about sex
d. Latency (5 to puberty) sexuality is latent, no fixation
e. Genitals (begins at puberty) sexual urges return, no fixation
Define Self-Psychology
Self is the central organizing and motivating force in personality
Early experiences with caregivers (self-objects) influence the sense of self. When needs are met, selfhood is strong
Objective is to develop greater sense of self-cohesion
Regression/re-experiencing frustrated self-object needs, therapeutic intervention:
a: Mirroring - behavior validate child’s sense of perfect self
b. idealization - child borrows strength from others and identifies with someone more capable
c. Twinship/twinning - child needs an alter ego for sense of belonging
Define Ego Psychology
Focuses on the rational, conscious processes of the ego
Assessment of the here/now/presenting problem
Treatment focused on the ego functioning
Define Individual Psychology
Main motivations for human behavior is striving for perfection; feelings of inferiority drive you to adapt, change, and master skills
Aim is to develop a more adaptive lifestyle by shedding feelings of inferiority, self-centeredness, and contribute more to the wellbeing of others
Alfred Adler
Define Neurological Disorders
Groups of conditions with onset in the developmental period, typically manifesting in early development before grade school.
These disorders are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.
Neurological disorders often co-occur.
Define Intellectual Disorder
characterized as a deficit in general mental abilities and adaptive functioning
Define Communication Disorder
characterized as a deficit in the development and use of language, speech, and social language
Define Autism Spectrum Disorder
characterized as a persistent deficit in social communication and social interactions across multiple contexts.
Include the presence of restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
Define ADHD
is a neurological disorder characterized as impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
Define Specific Learning Disorders
specific deficits in an individual’s ability to perceive or process information efficiently and accurately. persistent and impairing difficulties with learning foundational academic skills in reading, writing, and/or math.
Define Bipolar 1 Disorder
is the classic manic-depressive disorder or affective psychosis disorder.
The manic period is marked by abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy
lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day
Define Bipolar 2 Disorder
The same as Bipolar 1, but requires a previous diagnosis of manic-depressive state
Define Cyclothymic Disorder
is given to adults who experience at least 2 years (for children, a full year) of both hypomanic and depressive periods without ever fulfilling the criteria for an episode of mania, hypomania, or major depression.
Define Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are defined as abnormalities in one of five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including Catania), and negative symptoms
What are Delusions?
are fixed beliefs that are not amendable in light of conflicting evidence.
Persecutory delusions are most common, are beliefs that one will be harmed (oh, they out to get me) Referential delusions are beliefs that certain gestures, comments, etc are directed at oneself (oh, they talking about me) Grandiose delusions are beliefs that one has exceptional abilities, wealth or fame (oh, they know me!) Erotomanic delusions are beliefs that someone is in love with him/her, but they are not (oh, they obsessed with me) Nihilistic delusions are beliefs that a major catastrophe will occur (oh, its the end end) Somatic delusions are beliefs/preoccupations regarding health and organ functioning (oh, I’m dying)
What is a bizarre delusion
not clearly implausible and not understandable to same-culture peers and do not derive from ordinary life experiences.
those that express loss of control over mind/body: thought withdrawal (thoughts removed), thought insertion (thoughts put in), delusions of control (body and action manipulated by outside force).
Examples, belief that an outside force has removed a person’s internal organs without wounds or scars
What is a non-bizarre delusion?
an example of nonbizarre delusion is a belief that one is under survellience by the police.
What are hallucinations?
perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus.
They are vivid and clear, with the force and impact of normal perceptions, and involuntary.
Auditory hallucinations are the most common in schizophrenia and related disorders, and are commonly experienced as voices, familiar or unfamiliar, that are perceived as different from the individual’s own thoughts.
Hypnagogic hallucinations occur when while falling asleep, hypnopompic hallucinations occur while waking up.
Cultural competence is important re hallucinations, they are normal in some cultures.
Define Disorganized Thinking
typically inferred from the individual’s speech;
these symptoms should be severe enough to substantially impair effective communication.
Derailment or loose associations - individual switches from topic to another Tangentiality - answers to questions that seem obliquely or completely unrelated Incoherence or “word salad” - severely disorganized speech, just does not make sense
Define Catatonic Behavior
Marked by decrease in reactivity to the environment
Negativism - resistance to instructions
Mutism or Stupor - rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture, complete lack of verbal and motor responses
Catatonic excitement - purposeless or excessive motor activity without obvious cause. Catatonic symptoms are historically associated with schizophrenia, but are non-specific and may occur in other mental disorders and in medical conditions.
Define Negative Symptoms
two prominent in schizophrenia are diminished emotional expression and avolition.
Define Diminished Emotional Expression
include reductions in the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech, and movement of the hand, head, and face that normally give an emotional emphasis to speech.
Define Avolition
a decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities.
Define Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
is characterized by severe recurrent temper outbursts both verbally and behaviorally that don’t match the situation (Oh, you doing too much).
These temper outbursts occur 3 times or more per week, and the mood between outbursts is irritable or angry most of the day, nearly everyday.
Define Major Depressive Disorder
is characterized by discrete episodes of at least 2 weeks duration
clear-cut changes in affect, cognition, and neurovegative functions and inter-episode remissions.
Define Persisent Depressive Disorder
a chronic form of depression that is diagnosed when the mood disturbance continues for at least 2 years.
This and dysthymia are a new diagnosis for the DSM5.
Define Premenstrual Period
In the majority of menstrual cycles, at least five symptoms must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week postmenses.
Define Anxiety Disorders
include disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances.
Fear is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas anxiety is anticipation of future threat.
The anxiety disorders differ from one another in the types of objects or situations that induce fear, anxiety, or avoidance behavior, and the associated cognitive ideation. Anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normative fear or anxiety by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more).
Anxiety disorders occur more frequently in females than in males.
Define Separation Anxiety
developmentally inappropriate fear of separation from attachment figure.
Typically develop in childhood, but can be expressed throughout adulthood.
Symptoms typically last 6 months for adults.
What is selective mutism?
characterized by a consistent failure to speak in social situations where there is an expectation to speak, even though that individual speaks in other situations. Like not speaking at school, but being very vocal at home.
How are Specific Phobias Disorders defined?
individuals with specific phobias are fearful or anxious about or avoidant of circumscribed objects or situations.
The response of fear or anxiety is almost always immediately induced by the phobic situation to a degree that is persistent and out of proportion to the actual risk posed.
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Characterized as excessive anxiety or worry re regular life events/situations, occurring more days than not for a least 6 months
Define Panic Attacks
panic attacks is not a mental disorder and cannot be coded
panic attacks can occur in the context of any anxiety disorder and other mental disorders.
The essential feature of a panic attack is an abrupt surge of intense fear of intense discomfort that reach a peak within minutes and during which time four or more of 13 physical and cognitive symptoms occur. 11/13 are physical and 2/13 are cognitive.
Define Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders
are characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions.
Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted
Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that no individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. Involved preoccupations with repetitive behavior or mental acts.
Define Body Dysmorphic Disorder
characterized as preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear only slight to others, and repetitive negative behavior in response to that concern.
Define hoarding disorder
characterized by persistent difficulty and irritation in discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. Hoarding disorder differs from normal collecting.
Define Trichotillomania
a hair-pulling disorder, folks engage in recurrent pulling of hair that results in hair loss, there are repeated attempts to stop hair pulling.
Define Excoriation
a skin-picking disorder, folks engage in recurrent picking of skin that results in skin lesions.
What are the Trauma & Stress-Related Disorders
include disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is listed explicitly as a diagnostic criterion.
The most prominent clinical characterstics are anhedonic and dysphoric symptoms, eternalizing angry and aggressive symptoms, or dissociative symptoms
Define Reactive Attachment Disorder
characterized by a pattern of markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors.
Essential feature is absent or grossly underdeveloped attachment between the child and putative caregiving adults.
Define Social Engagement Disorder
characterized by a developmentally and culturally inappropriate pattern of engaging with strangers, being overly familiar with strangers in a way that violates social boundaries of the culture.
The child should be around 9-months or older, having developed the ability to form selective attachments.
Define Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
the essential feature of this disorder is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to one or more traumatic events.
Individuals with this disorder might be quick tempered, and engaged in aggressive verbal/physical behavior.
Disorder is characterized by a heightened startle response and sensitivity to potential threat.
Individuals may experience dissociative states lasting from a few seconds to several hours/even days, some experience persistent dissociative symptoms of detachment from their bodies (depersonalization) or the world around them (derealization).
Define Adjustment Disorder
an emotional or behavioral response to an identifiable stressor is the essential features of this disorder.
The stressor can be recurrent or a single event, and can impact an individual, entire family, or larger group/community.
Stressors can initiate or be accompanied by a development deficit.
What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Patterns of eccentric thinking, speaking, dressing
Strange, outlandish, paranoid beliefs
Magical thinking
Define Brief Psychotic Disorder
One or more: Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech, Grossly disorganize or catatonic behavior
What is Schizophreniform Disorder
Same as schizophrenia, but duration of fewer than 6 months
What do “negative symptoms” in schizophrenia mean?
Flat affect, reduced speaking, difficult engaging in day-to-day activities
“Something that should be there, is not…”
What do “positive symptoms” in schizophrenia mean?
Psychotic behavior: Delusions, Hallucinations, thought and movement disorder
“something that should not be present, is present…”
What are the 4 A’s?
Affect, Association, Ambivalence, and Autism
How is Schizoaffective Disorder defined?
psychotic symptoms meet criteria for schizophrenia & either a major depression or manic episode
Experience delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks when NOT having a depressive or manic episode
Define Dissociative Identity Disorder
Characterized by “switching” to alternate identities
May feel the presence of two or more people living in their heads
Recurring gaps to recall important information and everyday events that should be easily remembered
Define Somatic Symptoms Disorder
Psychological disorder in which the symptoms manifest physically without an apparent physical cause
Define Biopsychosocial Assessment
Biological Section - medical history, developmental history, family history of mental illness
Psychological Section - current presenting problem/symptoms, history of psychiatric symptoms, past or current stressors, explore how the problem has been approached/handled in the past, family history of psychiatric illnesses, and use of substances
Social Section - client systems and unique client’s context, identify strengths and resources
Define Role Theory
Clients has multiple roles in their lives that have their/its own expectations of appropriate behavior, Role Theory examines the interconnectedness of these different roles and the associated psychological impact
Dimensions of roles -
Role Ambiguity - lack of clarity of role
Role Complementary - the role is carried out in an expected way
Role Discomplementary - the role expectation of others differs from one’s own
Role Reversal - when two or more individuals switch roles
Role Conflict - Incompatible or Conflicting expectations
What are the stages of groups development
Preaffiliation - development of trust (forming)
Power & Control - group identification (storming)
Intimacy - Use of self (norming)
