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Human Anatomy > Human Anatomy Test 2 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the bone and skeletal system?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Hemopoiesis
  3. Fat Storage
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2
Q

Describe the function “hemopoiesis” as it pertains to the bone and skeletal system

A

Production of blood cells occur in the red bone marrow

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3
Q

Describe the function “fat storage” as it pertains to the bone and skeletal system

A

Adipose cells provide energy reserves for the body

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4
Q

A typical long bone is composed of what?

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphyses
  3. Metaphyses
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5
Q

The diaphysis is where on the long bone?

A

Shaft

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6
Q

Epiphyses is where on a long bone?

A

Proximal and distal

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7
Q

Metaphyses is where on a long bone?

A

Between the diaphysis and epiphyses

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8
Q

Discuss the diaphysis

A

It’s strength is due to compact bone tissue and the longitudinal orientation of osteons

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9
Q

Epiphyses has what type of bone?

A

Has mostly spongy bone

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10
Q

Discuss the Metaphyses

A

Regions that include the epiphyseal plate; SITE OF GROWTH IN LENGTH IN YOUNG BOY

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11
Q

The matrix of bones contains what abundant mineral salts?

A

Hydroxyapatite and some calcium carbonate

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12
Q

What gives bone tissue its hardness?

A

Calcification—due to mineral salts such as CaCO3 and Ca3(PO4)2

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13
Q

What does collagen do for bone?

A

Gives bones flexibility and tensile strength

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14
Q

What is secreted during ossification?

A

Collagen

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15
Q

Mature bone cells are derived from?

A

Osteoblasts

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16
Q

Bone cell is also known as?

A

Osteocyte

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17
Q

Compact bone is part of ____ anatomy made of ____ _____.

A

Deep anatomy; concentric circles/rings

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18
Q

What are osteons?

A

The structural unit of compact bone

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19
Q

Where is spongy bone located?

A
  1. Bone interior
  2. Epiphysis of long bone
  3. Dipole of flat bones
  4. Sternum and Ribs

BEDS R Long and Flat

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20
Q

What is the process of bone formation called?

A

Ossification

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21
Q

When does ossification begin?

A

Sixth week of embryonic life and continues throughout adulthood

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22
Q

Describe endochondrial ossification

A

Cartilage is replaced by bone

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23
Q

Most of the bones of the body are formed by what process?

A

Endochondrial ossification

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24
Q

The cartilage model grows in ____ by _____ and ____

A

Length; mitosis; deposition of extracellular matrix

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25
Q

The cartilage model grows in length by mitosis and deposition of extracellular matrix. This process is called?

A

Interstitial growth

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26
Q

Growth of cartilage in thickness is due mainly to?

A

The addition of more extracellular matrix to the periphery

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27
Q

Normal bone growth, bone remodeling, and bone repair are dependent on the presence of?

A
  1. Minerals
  2. Vitamins
  3. Weight bearing exercise
  4. Hormones
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28
Q

What minerals is bone growth, remodeling and repair dependent on?

A

Ca, P, Mg, B, Mn

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29
Q

What vitamins is bone growth, remodeling, and repair dependent on?

A

A, B12, C, D

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30
Q

What hormones is bone growth, remodeling, and repair dependent on?

A

Parathyroid, human growth hormone, sex hormones, and thyroid hormones

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31
Q

What can make bones more brittle/susceptible to fracture? Why?

A

Decreased rate of protein synthesis—because it results in loss of tensile strength

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32
Q

What is a fossa?

A

Shallow depression

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33
Q

What is a meatus?

A

Tubelike opening

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34
Q

What is a facet?

A

Smooth flat surface

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35
Q

What is a crest?

A

Prominent ridge

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36
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

Projection above or beside a condyle

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37
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

Projection for muscle attachment

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38
Q

What is a tuberosity

A

Large, rounded usually roughened projection

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39
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

8

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40
Q

There are ___ temporal bones. Each one has what?

A

2; zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, mastoid process, styloid process

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41
Q

What do the occipital condyles do?

A

Articulate with he atlas (C1) to form the Atlanta-occipital joints

42
Q

Superior nay Hal lines are the site of?

A

Muscle attachment

43
Q

Nefarious nauchal lines are the site of?

A

Muscle attachment

44
Q

Occipital bone is made up of what three components?

A
  1. Occipital condyles
  2. Superior nauchal lines
  3. Inferior nauchal lines
45
Q

What does the sphenoid bone do?

A

Articulates with all of the other cranial bones

46
Q

The ethmoid bone is made up of?

A
  1. Cribriform plate
  2. Olfactory foramina
  3. Crista galli
47
Q

There are ___ facial bones.

A

14

48
Q

The condylar process and coronoid process are located where?

A

Mandible

49
Q

Condylar process has ____ function.

A

Articulate

50
Q

Coronoid process is for ____.

A

Muscle attachment

51
Q

Where is the only free moving joint of the skull?

A

Between the mandible and the temporal bone

52
Q

Where are fontanels located?

A

Between the cranial bones of infants

53
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Fibrous connective tissue membrane filled spaces (infants)

54
Q

What is the vertebral column made of?

A

Breakfast—7 cervical vertebrae
Lunch—12 thoracic vertebrae
Dinner—5 lumbar vertebrae

55
Q

On triangular sacrum is formed by?

A

Fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae

56
Q

Where is the sacrum?

A

Posterior boundary of pelvic cavity

57
Q

Coccyx is formed by?

A

Fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae

58
Q

Vertebral column has ___ alternating normal curves. What are they?

A

4; anteriorly convex cervical curve and anteriorly concave sacral curve

59
Q

Describe the body of the vertebral column

A

Forms the anterior surface of the spinal column—bulk

60
Q

Describe the vertebrae arch

A

Two laminae—posterior to the vertebrae body

61
Q

What two things surround the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral arch and body

62
Q

Cervical vertebrae is made up of what vertebrae?

A

C1-C7

63
Q

Where is the atlas?

A

C1

64
Q

Where is the axis/dens?

A

C2

65
Q

What forms the Atlanta-axial joint?

A

The atlas and the axis

66
Q

Sacrum looks like what?

A

Swiss cheese

67
Q

What is the sacral canal?

A

Extension of the vertebral canal

68
Q

What articulates with the hip bone?

A

Auricular surfaces

69
Q

The sternum consists of?

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid

70
Q

The sternum articulates ____ and ____ with ___ other bones.

A

Directly; indirectly; 22

71
Q

What are the spaces between neighboring ribs which contain muscle, blood vessels, and nerves?

A

Intercostal spaces

72
Q

What do the two pectoral girdles do?

A

Attach bones of the free parts of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

73
Q

Hat is the coranoid process?

A

Site of muscle attachment

74
Q

Where is the anatomical neck?

A

PROXIMAL to the surgical neck

75
Q

Where is the capitulum?

A

LATERAL to the trochlea

76
Q

Where is the olecranon?

A

PROXIMAL end of the ulna

77
Q

Each metacarpal bone consists of?

A

Distal head
14 phalanges

78
Q

What forms the knuckles of metacarpal bones?

A

Distal head

79
Q

Where are the 14 phalanges located?

A

In the digits

80
Q

What bone is the acetabelum used for?

A

Head of the femur

81
Q

What makes up the acetabelum?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

82
Q

Female vs male pelvis

A

Larger and heavier
Rougher, larger tuberosities and ridges
Male pelvis has a heart shaped pelvic inlet

83
Q

Tarsus consists of ___ tarsal bones.

A

7

84
Q

What are the 7 tarsal bones that make up the tarsus (ankle)?

A
  1. Talus
  2. Calcaneus
  3. Cuboid
  4. Navicular
  5. First medial cuneiform
  6. Second intermediate cuneiform
  7. Third lateral cuneiform
85
Q

What are synarthroses?

A

Joints formed by solid mass of connective tissue between neighboring bones

86
Q

Describe mobility of synarthroses

A

Immovable or slightly moveable

87
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of synarthroses

A

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints

88
Q

What are diarthroses?

A

Moveable joints

89
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Dense irregular or dense regular connective tissue structures THAT BIND ONE BONE TO ANOTHER BONE.

90
Q

The ______ firmly holds the articulate surfaces of bone together in fibrous joints.

A

Fibrous connective tissue

91
Q

Give the mobility of the following:
1. Suture
2. Syndesmosis
3. Gomphosis

A
  1. Immovable to slightly moveable
  2. Immovable to slightly moveable
  3. Immovable
92
Q

Give an example of a cartilaginous joint

A

Symphysis—slightly move

93
Q

Synovial joints are classified by the presence of?

A

Synovial joint cavity surrounded by connective tissue capsule that connects the two articulating bones

94
Q

What is the mobility of synovial joints?

A

Ranges from practically immobile to highly mobile

95
Q

Inner synovial membrane is composed of?

A

Loose connective tissue

96
Q

The inner synovial membrane secretes ____ that fills the _____.

A

Lubricating synovial fluid; synovial cavity

97
Q

There are ___ types of synovial joints. What is one example?

A

6; pivot joint

98
Q

Gliding movements occur where?

A

Plantar joints

99
Q

Describe how a gliding movement occurs in a plantar joint.

A

One surfaces moves back and forth and from side to side over another surface without changing the angle between the bones.

100
Q

What is the larger, medial weight bearing bone?

A

Tibia (shin bone)

101
Q

What is the seasamoid bone?

A

Patella (kneecap)

102
Q

Where is the greater trochanter?

A

Femur

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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