Human Anatomy Test 2 Flashcards
What are the functions of the bone and skeletal system?
- Protection
- Hemopoiesis
- Fat Storage
Describe the function “hemopoiesis” as it pertains to the bone and skeletal system
Production of blood cells occur in the red bone marrow
Describe the function “fat storage” as it pertains to the bone and skeletal system
Adipose cells provide energy reserves for the body
A typical long bone is composed of what?
- Diaphysis
- Epiphyses
- Metaphyses
The diaphysis is where on the long bone?
Shaft
Epiphyses is where on a long bone?
Proximal and distal
Metaphyses is where on a long bone?
Between the diaphysis and epiphyses
Discuss the diaphysis
It’s strength is due to compact bone tissue and the longitudinal orientation of osteons
Epiphyses has what type of bone?
Has mostly spongy bone
Discuss the Metaphyses
Regions that include the epiphyseal plate; SITE OF GROWTH IN LENGTH IN YOUNG BOY
The matrix of bones contains what abundant mineral salts?
Hydroxyapatite and some calcium carbonate
What gives bone tissue its hardness?
Calcification—due to mineral salts such as CaCO3 and Ca3(PO4)2
What does collagen do for bone?
Gives bones flexibility and tensile strength
What is secreted during ossification?
Collagen
Mature bone cells are derived from?
Osteoblasts
Bone cell is also known as?
Osteocyte
Compact bone is part of ____ anatomy made of ____ _____.
Deep anatomy; concentric circles/rings
What are osteons?
The structural unit of compact bone
Where is spongy bone located?
- Bone interior
- Epiphysis of long bone
- Dipole of flat bones
- Sternum and Ribs
BEDS R Long and Flat
What is the process of bone formation called?
Ossification
When does ossification begin?
Sixth week of embryonic life and continues throughout adulthood
Describe endochondrial ossification
Cartilage is replaced by bone
Most of the bones of the body are formed by what process?
Endochondrial ossification
The cartilage model grows in ____ by _____ and ____
Length; mitosis; deposition of extracellular matrix
The cartilage model grows in length by mitosis and deposition of extracellular matrix. This process is called?
Interstitial growth
Growth of cartilage in thickness is due mainly to?
The addition of more extracellular matrix to the periphery
Normal bone growth, bone remodeling, and bone repair are dependent on the presence of?
- Minerals
- Vitamins
- Weight bearing exercise
- Hormones
What minerals is bone growth, remodeling and repair dependent on?
Ca, P, Mg, B, Mn
What vitamins is bone growth, remodeling, and repair dependent on?
A, B12, C, D
What hormones is bone growth, remodeling, and repair dependent on?
Parathyroid, human growth hormone, sex hormones, and thyroid hormones
What can make bones more brittle/susceptible to fracture? Why?
Decreased rate of protein synthesis—because it results in loss of tensile strength
What is a fossa?
Shallow depression
What is a meatus?
Tubelike opening
What is a facet?
Smooth flat surface
What is a crest?
Prominent ridge
What is an epicondyle?
Projection above or beside a condyle
What is a trochanter?
Projection for muscle attachment
What is a tuberosity
Large, rounded usually roughened projection
How many cranial bones are there?
8
There are ___ temporal bones. Each one has what?
2; zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, mastoid process, styloid process
What do the occipital condyles do?
Articulate with he atlas (C1) to form the Atlanta-occipital joints
Superior nay Hal lines are the site of?
Muscle attachment
Nefarious nauchal lines are the site of?
Muscle attachment
Occipital bone is made up of what three components?
- Occipital condyles
- Superior nauchal lines
- Inferior nauchal lines
What does the sphenoid bone do?
Articulates with all of the other cranial bones
The ethmoid bone is made up of?
- Cribriform plate
- Olfactory foramina
- Crista galli
There are ___ facial bones.
14
The condylar process and coronoid process are located where?
Mandible
Condylar process has ____ function.
Articulate
Coronoid process is for ____.
Muscle attachment
Where is the only free moving joint of the skull?
Between the mandible and the temporal bone
Where are fontanels located?
Between the cranial bones of infants
What are fontanels?
Fibrous connective tissue membrane filled spaces (infants)
What is the vertebral column made of?
Breakfast—7 cervical vertebrae
Lunch—12 thoracic vertebrae
Dinner—5 lumbar vertebrae
On triangular sacrum is formed by?
Fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
Where is the sacrum?
Posterior boundary of pelvic cavity
Coccyx is formed by?
Fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae
Vertebral column has ___ alternating normal curves. What are they?
4; anteriorly convex cervical curve and anteriorly concave sacral curve
Describe the body of the vertebral column
Forms the anterior surface of the spinal column—bulk
Describe the vertebrae arch
Two laminae—posterior to the vertebrae body
What two things surround the spinal cord?
Vertebral arch and body
Cervical vertebrae is made up of what vertebrae?
C1-C7
Where is the atlas?
C1
Where is the axis/dens?
C2
What forms the Atlanta-axial joint?
The atlas and the axis
Sacrum looks like what?
Swiss cheese
What is the sacral canal?
Extension of the vertebral canal
What articulates with the hip bone?
Auricular surfaces
The sternum consists of?
Manubrium, body, xiphoid
The sternum articulates ____ and ____ with ___ other bones.
Directly; indirectly; 22
What are the spaces between neighboring ribs which contain muscle, blood vessels, and nerves?
Intercostal spaces
What do the two pectoral girdles do?
Attach bones of the free parts of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
Hat is the coranoid process?
Site of muscle attachment
Where is the anatomical neck?
PROXIMAL to the surgical neck
Where is the capitulum?
LATERAL to the trochlea
Where is the olecranon?
PROXIMAL end of the ulna
Each metacarpal bone consists of?
Distal head
14 phalanges
What forms the knuckles of metacarpal bones?
Distal head
Where are the 14 phalanges located?
In the digits
What bone is the acetabelum used for?
Head of the femur
What makes up the acetabelum?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
Female vs male pelvis
Larger and heavier
Rougher, larger tuberosities and ridges
Male pelvis has a heart shaped pelvic inlet
Tarsus consists of ___ tarsal bones.
7
What are the 7 tarsal bones that make up the tarsus (ankle)?
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Cuboid
- Navicular
- First medial cuneiform
- Second intermediate cuneiform
- Third lateral cuneiform
What are synarthroses?
Joints formed by solid mass of connective tissue between neighboring bones
Describe mobility of synarthroses
Immovable or slightly moveable
What are the 2 subtypes of synarthroses
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
What are diarthroses?
Moveable joints
What are ligaments?
Dense irregular or dense regular connective tissue structures THAT BIND ONE BONE TO ANOTHER BONE.
The ______ firmly holds the articulate surfaces of bone together in fibrous joints.
Fibrous connective tissue
Give the mobility of the following:
1. Suture
2. Syndesmosis
3. Gomphosis
- Immovable to slightly moveable
- Immovable to slightly moveable
- Immovable
Give an example of a cartilaginous joint
Symphysis—slightly move
Synovial joints are classified by the presence of?
Synovial joint cavity surrounded by connective tissue capsule that connects the two articulating bones
What is the mobility of synovial joints?
Ranges from practically immobile to highly mobile
Inner synovial membrane is composed of?
Loose connective tissue
The inner synovial membrane secretes ____ that fills the _____.
Lubricating synovial fluid; synovial cavity
There are ___ types of synovial joints. What is one example?
6; pivot joint
Gliding movements occur where?
Plantar joints
Describe how a gliding movement occurs in a plantar joint.
One surfaces moves back and forth and from side to side over another surface without changing the angle between the bones.
What is the larger, medial weight bearing bone?
Tibia (shin bone)
What is the seasamoid bone?
Patella (kneecap)
Where is the greater trochanter?
Femur
