Human Anatomy Quiz 2 (chapter 5)

Question 1

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

that portion of the skeleton associated with the limbs. It includes the clavicles, scapulae, ossa coxae, and all of the bones in the free parts of the limbs.

Question 2

Articular cartilage

Answer 2

the hyaline cartilage that covers those load bearing surfaces of bones that are involved in synovial joints. Some hyaline cartilage is not involved in joints (costal cartilage), some is not involved in synovial joints (epiphyseal cartilage), and cartilaginous structures found in some synovial joints are not composed of hyaline cartilage (e.g. articular discs and menisci).

Question 3

Axial skeleton

Answer 3

the sternum and ribs, and the bones of the vertebral column and head. These bones are all flat or irregular in shape.

Question 4

Compact (cortical) bone tissue

Answer 4

bone tissue that is “solid” (i.e, not in the form of small spicules separated by bone marrow tissue). Compact bone tissue is also called “dense” bone tissue.

Question 5

Epiphysis

Answer 5

either end of a long bone. Specific landmark names are applied to epiphyses depending on the anatomic features located there (head of the humerus, base of a metacarpal bone, tuberosity of a distal phalanx, etc.).

Question 6

Flat bones

Answer 6

those bones that are obvioulsy flattened in one dimension (sternum, ribs, scapulae, clavicles, assa coxae, and many bones in the skull).

Question 7

Hydroxyapatite

Answer 7

the principal inorganic component of bone tissue. Hydroxyapatite is a complex calcum phosphate salt that has the chemical formulation Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 and it is also the primary mineral in the enamel, cementum and dentin of teeth.

Question 8

Irregular bones

Answer 8

the vertebrae and several bones of the head which have jutting processes. Exact numbers of irregular bons and flat bones are typically not stated because some bones have parts that are flat and other portions that are irregular (temporal and occipital bones).

Question 9

Long bones

Answer 9

those bones designated as such by convention. The 88 long bones are found in the free parts of each superior limb (humerus, radius, ulna, five metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges) and each inferior limb (femur bone, tibia, fibula, five metatarsal bones and 14 phalanges).

Question 10

Medullary cavity

Answer 10

the space within a bone that contains bone marow tissue, adipose tissue, and blood. The connective tissue proper that lines the medullary cavity (thinner but similar to periosteum) is called endosteum.

Question 11

Osseous lacunae

Answer 11

the timy spaces within bone tissue that contain osteocytes. Osteocytes in neighboring lacunae communicate physically and metabolically by extending cytoplasmic processes through tiny passageways called osseous canaliculi.

Question 12

Osseous lamella

Answer 12

a layer of mineralized osteoid. Those parallel and adjacent to the periosteum and endosteum are called external and internal circumferential lamellae. Those in the intervening compact bone are called concentric (osteonal) and interstitial lamellae.

Question 13

Osteoblast

Answer 13

a bone tissue forming cell. Osteoblasts secrete the organic part of the extracellular matrix of bone tissue and become osteocytes when they become trapped therein.

Question 14

Osteoclast

Answer 14

a multinuclear bone cell involved in bone tissue absorption. Osteoclasts dissolve the mineral with acidic secretions and hydrolyze the osteoid enzymatically.

Question 15

Osteoid

Answer 15

the non-cellular organic portion of bone tissue. It is manufactured by osteoblasts and consists of collagenous fibers embedded in a protein/polysaccaride ground substance.

Question 16

Osteology

Answer 16

the study of bone tissue and of bones. Bones are organs that contain all of the various connective tissues as well as smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and simple squamous epithelium.

Question 17

Periosteum

Answer 17

the dense, irregular connective tissue proper that forms the outer encasement of bones. Periosteum covers all of the external surfaces except for articular surfaces, attachments of tendons, ligaments, retinacula, joint capsules, and ports of entry for nervs and vessels.

Question 18

Sesamoid bones

Answer 18

“seed-like” bones that are embedded in a few tendons and serve as bearing surfaces for them. The patellae (kneecaps) are the largest sesamoid bones, and two smaller ones are typically found at the base of each thumb and big toe.

Question 19

Shot bones

Answer 19

the carpal and tarsal bones. There are 30 short bones total (8 in each wrist and 7 in each ankle). Some short bones are physically longer than some of the long bones.

Question 20

Spongy (trabecular) bone tissue

Answer 20

bone tissue formed of small spicules between intervening regions of bone marrow tissue. This form of bone tissue is often found within the ends of long bones and is also called “cancellous” bone tissue.

Question 21

Discuss the organic and inorganic components of bone tissue

Answer 21

Organic portion: Cells, fibers and ground substance (same as other connective tissues).
Inorganic component: Hydroxyapatite C10(PO4)6(OH)2. Calcium and phosphate ions.

Question 22

Discuss the three kinds of cells found in bone tissue

Answer 22

Osteoblasts: single nucleated active cells. secrete fibers and organic part of the ground substance. Fibers - collagenous. Ground substance - protein-polysaccaride.
Osteocyte - former osteoblasts that are entrapped in their own secretion.
Osteoclasts - cells that are active in bone reabsorption.

Question 23

Discuss the 4 kinds of lamellae of bone tissue

Answer 23

Concentric (osteonal) Lamellae - surround neurovascular channels within the cortex of bone.
Interstitial - incomplete remnants of concentric and external circumferential lamellae
external circumferential lamellae - several layers of lamellae that surround a whole bone
Internal circumferential lamellae - several layers that surround the medullary cavities

Question 24

Explain why interstitial lamellae are always “older” than adjacent concentric lamellae.

Answer 24

Osteoclasts do not stay within osteonal boundaries when they reabsorb bone. they leave partial remnants of existing lamellae next to the channels that they form. So in the process of making concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae is always “older”.

Question 25

differentiate bone tissue from named bones by listing tissues found in any named bone.

Answer 25

connective tissue proper lines organ bone.
Usually have cartilage covered ends.
Contain bone marrow tissue and adipose tissue within medullary cavities.
Smooth muscle and epithelium within walls of vascular network and blood.
Invested with vervous tissue!

Question 26

State the 3 physical functions of bones.

State the 3 metabolic functions of bones.

Answer 26

Physical:
   Body Shape
   Protection
   Locomotion
Metabolic:
   Hemopoiesis - Formation of RBC and WBC
   Fat dipository
   Calcium/phosphorus storage - within the hydroxyapatite

Question 27

classify the bones of the skeleton into 2 groups by position and five groups by shape.

Answer 27

Position:
Appendicular Skeleton - superior and inferior limbs including the scapulas and clavicles
Axial Skeleton - Head, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
Shape:
Long bones - 88.
Short bones - carpals and tarsals. 30.
Flat bones - reduced in one dimension.
Irregular bones - jutting processes
Sesamoid bones - seed-like. 10.

Question 28

State which bone shape types are found in the appendicular vs. axial skeleton.

Answer 28

appendicular - long, short, flat, and sesamoid bones

axial - irregular, flat, and sesamoid