Human Anatomy Quiz 2 (chapter 3)

Question 1

Adipose Tissue

Answer 1

a connective tissue characterized by the presence of large numbers of adipocytes (fat cells). It occurs subcutaneously, in the medullary cavities of bones, and elsewhere, serving as a stored source of body energy.

Question 2

Apocrine secretion

Answer 2

a secretory mode of glandular epithelium in which part of the cell physically breaks away to form the secretory product. Apocrine secretion contrasts with merocrine secretion where no part of the cell enters the secretory product, and with holocrine secretion where the cell die and slough to become the secretion.

Question 3

Basic tissue

Answer 3

any one of the four main categories of body tissue: epithelium, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervouse tissue.

Question 4

Biopsy

Answer 4

removal of cells or tissue from a living organism, typically for laboratory analysis.

Question 5

Blood

Answer 5

A liquid connective tissue. it is the only body liquid with a cell concentration high enough to deserve the label “tissue.”

Question 6

Bone marrow tissue

Answer 6

the major material occupying the medullary cavities of bones. it is a subtype of connective tissue and is called red bone marrow when actively hemopoietic; yellow bone marrow when it contains a high population of adipocytes, and gelatinous bone marrow when it involutes with senility.

Question 7

Bone tissue

Answer 7

a maneralized subtype of connective tissue. it is the only body material routinely mineralized except for the enamel, dentin, and cementum of teeth, and it forms a major structural components of (the organs called) bones.

Question 8

Cartilage

Answer 8

a connective tissue with a firm but typically unmineralized extracellular matrix. it is devided into three subtypes based primarily on the major type of proteinaceous fibers found in the matrix: elastic cartilage (containing elastic fibers), fibrocartilage (containing collagenous fibers), and hyaline cartilage (containing reticular fibers).

Question 9

Connective tissue proper (fibrous connective tissue)

Answer 9

one of several subtypes of connective tissue. connective tissue proper is the most widely distributed connective tissue and forms part of every organ.

Question 10

Extracellular matrix

Answer 10

the material outside of and between cells. in many tissues it includes various types of proteinaceous fibers as well as well as amorphous protein/polysaccharide material called ground substance.

Question 11

Fiber

Answer 11

a term used in various contexts to mean a muscle cell, a neuronal process, or a protein component of the extracellular matrix. Proteinaceous extracellular fibers include those composed of elastin, collagen, and reticulin

Question 12

Glandular epithelium

Answer 12

epithelium that is specialized for secretion. Although glandular epithelial cells are scattered within the surface epithelium of mucous membranes, most glandular epithelium is concentrated in the secretory organs called glands.

Question 13

Grounds substance

Answer 13

the protein/polysaccharide component (“glue”) of the extracellular matrix. the polysaccharide portion is often formed by polymers of chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.

Question 14

Histology

Answer 14

literally, “the study of tissue”. in usage, histology is equivalent to microscopic anatomy.

Question 15

Membranous (surface) epithelium

Answer 15

the tissue that forms all outer surfaces of the body and lines all of its lumina and cavities. Membranous epithelium is classified according the the shape of the surface cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and whether it is one cell this (simple) or more than on cell thick (stratified).

Question 16

Mesenchyme

Answer 16

primitaive connective tissue containing a large population of undifferentiated (stem) cells. Mesenchyme is concentrated in the intervertebral discs and small amounts are present in the loose connective tissue around vessels.

Question 17

Muscle tissue

Answer 17

the basic tissue functionally specialized of contraction. Three subtypes exist, skeletal muscle tissue (voluntary and striated), smooth muscle tissue (involuntary, not striated) and cardiac muscle tissue (involuntary and striated).

Question 18

Neuroglial (glial) cell

Answer 18

a collective term encompassing the support cells of the nervous system. Neuroglia do not transmit impulses, but they support neurons physically and metabolically.

Question 19

Neuron (nerve cell)

Answer 19

a cell specialized for impulse transmission. Each neuron has a single process termed the axon and one or more processes called dendrites.

Question 20

Primary germ layer

Answer 20

any of the three defined strata that are formed during embryonic gastrulation: extoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These germ layers differentiate to form the various tissues.

Question 21

Regenerative capacity

Answer 21

the ability of a given type of cell or tissue to replace itself if lost, injured, or diseased. Epithelium and connective tissue have high regenerative capacity, but nervouse tissue and muscle tissue have low regenerative capabilities.

Question 22

Define Histology

Answer 22

Study of tissues

Question 23

Define Extracellular matrix.
What does it consists of (two things)?
Define two things?

Answer 23

the material outside and between cells. Typically produced/secreted by cells.
Consists of extracellular fibers and ground substance
Extracellular fibers: Protein
Ground substance: the protein/polysaccharide component (“glue”) of the extracellular matrix.

Question 24

Three primary germ layers

Answer 24

1. Extoderm - forms the outer epithelium and all nervous tissue of the body
   Mesoderm - forms all of the connective tissue, all of the muscle tissue, and all the epithelium lining the vessels and body cavities.
   Endoderm - forms the lining epithelium of most parts of the visceral body systems.

Question 25

compare the four basic tissues in regards to type and quantity of intercellular material

Answer 25

Epithelial Tissue - essentially none
Muscle Tissue - small amount of connective tissue proper
Connective Tissue - abundant fibers and ground substance
Nervous Tissue - essentially none

Question 26

Compare the four basic tissues in regards to germ layer origin

Answer 26

Epithelial Tissue - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Muscle Tissue - mesoderm
Connective Tissue - mesoderm
Nervous Tissue - ectoderm

Question 27

Compare the four basic tissues in regards to regenerative capacity

Answer 27

Epithelial Tissue - high
Muscle Tissue - low
Connective Tissue - high
Nervous Tissue - low

Question 28

Compare the four basic tissues in regards to major subtypes

Answer 28

Epithelial Tissue - membranous and glandular epitheliem
Muscle Tissue - smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue
Connective Tissue - c.t. proper, bone, blood, cartilage, adipose tissue, and several others.
Nervous Tissue - not subdivided into types but has 2 major cell types

Question 29

Compare the four basic tissues in regards to their function

Answer 29

Epithelial Tissue - secretes and covers surfaces
Muscle Tissue - contracts
Connective Tissue - Joins other structures
Nervous Tissue - Conducts impulses

Question 30

Muscle Tissue
Three different types of muscle tissues
1. What nervous control does each tissue have? (voluntary or involuntary)
2. State the appearance of each (striated or non-striated)
3. State the shape of each
4. State the number and position of nuclei

Answer 30

Skeletal muscle tissues - found in muscles that move body observably.

1. voluntary
2. striated
3. cylindrical
4. many/peripheral
5. Cardiac muscle tissues - found in the contractile parts of the heart
   
   1. involuntary
   2. striated
   3. “y”-shaped
   4. one/central
6. Smooth muscle tissues - found within walls of blood vessels, visceral organs, at the base of hair follicles, and within the iris and ciliary body of the eye.
   
   1. involuntary
   2. non-striated (lower organization of myrofiibrils)
   3. fusiform
   4. one/central

Question 31

Epithelial Tissue
Differentiate the two major categories of epithelium on...
1. blood supply
2. presence of basement membrane
3. general location in body

Answer 31

Membranous epithelium
1. lacks blood vessels - exchanges nutrients and wastes with adjacent tissues by diffusion.
2. cells are separated from basement membrane
3. covers outer surfaces and lines inner surfaces of the body.
Glandular epithelium
1. highly vascularized
2. lacks basement membrane
3. Found in parenchyma (secretory portion) of glands.

Question 32

Epithelial Tissue

Classify membranous epithelium into six categories according to thickness and shape of surface cells.

Answer 32

thickness:
Simple epithelia (one cell layer thick)
stratified epithelia (two or more cell layers thick)
Shape
Squamos - flattened
cuboidal - globular
columnar - elongated
Simple squamos, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamos, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar epithelium

Question 33

Epithelial Tissue
Name and state the location of two types of membranous epithelium that do not fit the usual classification scheme. What is meant by “respiratory” epithelium?

Answer 33

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: appears to be one cell thick but all cells are in contact with the basement membrane. Lines the air conducting passageways of the respiratory system (“respiratory epithelium”)
Transitional epithelium - appears to be several layers of cuboidal cells but all make contact with the basement membrane. It is found in the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Question 34

Epithelial Tissue

Discuss the kinds and functions of modifications found in the surface cells of membranous epithelium (3 kinds).

Answer 34

1. Cilia - long projections that cells use to propel materials along the surface.
2. Microvilli - numerous projections smaller than cilia. These are used to increase surface area to facilitate absorption.
   Keratin - dense protein manufactured by stratified squamos epipthelium of the skin. imparts physical strength and resistance to drying.

Question 35

Epithelial Tissue
Define the following terms used to classify glandular epithelium and glands: endocrine/exocrine; simple/compound; acinar, tubular, tubuloacinar; eccrine (merocrine), apocrine, and holocrine.

Answer 35

Endocrine: no connection to surface and secrete their products directly into bloodstream.
Exocrine: located at surface or by having a duct that reaches surface.
Classified by mode of secretion:
Eccrine - watery secretion
Apocrine - Parts of cells become secretion
Holocrine - Entire cells become secretion
Classified by shape of duct:
Simple - non-branching
Compound - branching
Classified by shape of secratory part:
Tubular - tube like
Acinar - spherical
tubuloacinar - combination

Question 36

Epithelial Tissue

Differentiate the development of endocrine vs. exocrine glands.

Answer 36

All Glandular Epithelium is derived from Membranous Epithelium. Glandular Epithelium that maintains a surface is exocrine glands. Glands that lose all connections to the surface are called endocrine glands.

Question 37

Connective Tissue
List three components found in all connective tissues.
List the major types of connective tissue and state where they are located in the body

Answer 37

Cells, fibers, and ground substance.
Major types:
Connective tissue proper - tendons, ligaments, fascia, periosteum, endosteum, epimysium, framework for most organs
Bone tissue - within the named bones of the body
Cartilage - articular surfaces of bones, costal cartilages, intervertebral discs, pinna of ear, tracheal cartilages
Blood - within cardiovascular system
Adipose tissue - within subcutaneous tissue, medullary cavities of bones, peritoneum, pericardium

Question 38

Connective Tissue

Classify connective tissue proper on the basis of density, arrangement and fiber composition.

Answer 38

Density
fibers are tightly packed (dense) or have considerable space (loose).
Arrangement
Fibers are arranged in parallel manner (regular) or are not parallel (irregular)
Composition
Collagenous fibers - collagen (strong)
Elastic fibers - elastin (flexible)
Reticular fibers - reticulin (smaller collagen)

Question 39

Connective Tissue

Name the subtypes of cartilage and state the predominant fiber type present in each (3 subtypes).

Answer 39

1. Fibrocartilage - dense collagenous fibers
2. Elastic cartilage - significant numbers of elastic fibers
3. Hyaline cartilage - delicate reticular fibers.

Question 40

Nervous Tissue

Differentiate the two groups of cells found in nervous tissue.

Answer 40

1. Neurons - conduct nervous impulses

2. Neuroglia - performs a number of other functions

Question 41

Define axon and dendrite.

Answer 41

Axon: Neuronal process that carry impulses away from the cell bodies.
Dendrite: processes that conduct impulses toward the cell bodies.

Question 42

Clinical case 1

Why does a surgeon cut the bony prominence to reflect the whole muscle, instead of cutting the muscle or tendon itself?

Answer 42

Bone tissue regenerates with no loss of function whereas, muscle and/or tendons do not regenerate.

Question 43

Clinical case 2
A person has unstable knees and shoulders. Analysis of collaben from a biopsy of one of his tendons indicated an abnormal amino acid sequence. How could this fact relate to his clinical problems?

Answer 43

Collagen is the principle fiber type in connective tissue proper structures including tendons and ligaments. Safe to assume that person has a genetic defect resulting in an error of producing collagen