Human Anatomy Exam 1

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

Study of how the body functions

–Homeostatic mechanisms: how body reacts to changes in conditions and tries to go back to baseline values

Question 2

Anatomy

Answer 2

Study of internal/external structures

• -naming parts/how they fit together
• • anatomy dictates physiology
• • specific anatomical structures have specific physiological functions

Question 3

Cytology

Answer 3

Study of cells

Question 4

Histology

Answer 4

study of tissues

Question 5

Surface anatomy

Answer 5

superficial anatomical markings and relationship to deeper structures

Question 6

Clinical Anatomy

Answer 6

changes during illness

Question 7

Surgical anatomy

Answer 7

landmarks for surgical procedures

Question 8

Developmental anatomy

Answer 8

changes over time

Question 9

Comparative anatomy

Answer 9

anatomical similarities and differences between types of animals, typically vertebrates

Question 10

Synapomorphies

Answer 10

Shared derived traits; all members of a group have that trait

Question 11

Vertebrate Synapomorphies

Answer 11

• • Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• • Notochord
• • Post-anal tail
• • Pharyngeal Arches
• • Braincase

Question 12

Levels of anatomy from simple to complex

Answer 12

Chemical – Cellular – Tissue – Organ – Organ System – Organism

Question 13

Cellular Level

Answer 13

smallest living unit; have organelles

Question 14

Tissue Level

Answer 14

cells and some surrounding material

Question 15

Organ Level

Answer 15

Combination of tissues

– can be multiple types of tissue in one organ

Question 16

Organ System Level

Answer 16

Combination of various organs

there are 11 in the human body all concerned with homeostasis except for the reproductive system

Question 17

Characteristics of Life

Answer 17

1. Order
2. Regulation
3. Growth and Development
4. Energy Processing
5. Response to the Environment
6. Reproduction
7. Evolutionary Adaptation
8. Responsiveness: internal and external; respond to changes via acute or chronic adjustments; homeostasis
9. Growth and Differentiation
   - —- Hypertrophy: increase in size of cells
   - —- Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells
   - —- Differentiation: cells with particular functions

Question 18

Metabolism and Excretion

Answer 18

• • Anabolism: synthesis of complex molecules
• • Catabolism: breakdown of complex molecules
• • Absorption: process of bringing material into body
• • Respiration: absorption, transport, and use of oxygen
• • Excretion: removal of waste, CO2, excess ions

Question 19

The Integumentary System

Answer 19

• • Protects against external environment
• • Thermoregulation and sensory
• – Skin: covers surface; protects deeper tissues; nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands
• – Hair Follicles: produce hair; innervation provides sensation; provide protection for head; secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
• – Sweat Glands: produce perspiration for evaporative cooling
• – Nails: protect and stiffen distal tips of digits
• – Sensory Receptors: provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain
• – Subcutaneous Layer: stores lipids; attaches skin to deeper structures

Question 20

The Skeletal System

Answer 20

• Support and protection
• • Immunity, storage of Ca++, and feeding
• – Bones, Cartilage, and Joints: support and protect soft tissues; store minerals; protect brain, spinal cord, organs and soft tissues of thoracic cavity; support bodyweight over lower limbs; provide internal support and positioning of limbs; support and move axial skeleton
• – Ligaments: connect bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage
• – Bone Marrow: primary site of blood cell production; storage of energy reserves in fat cells

Question 21

The Muscular System

Answer 21

• Locomotion
• • Thermoregulation and storage of amino acids
• – Skeletal Muscles: provide skeletal movement; control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts and exits to digestive and urinary tracts; produce heat; support skeleton; protect soft tissues
• —— Support and position axial skeleton; support, move and brace limbs
• – Tendons and Aponeuroses: transmit the contractile forces of skeletal muscle to bone in order to move