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Human Anatomy > Human Anatomy Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms

A

Make up moleculess

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2
Q

Molecules

A

Make up cells

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3
Q

Cells

A

Make up tissues

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4
Q

Tissues

A

Make up organs

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5
Q

Organs

A

Make up organ systems

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6
Q

Organ systems

A

Make up organisms

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7
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Cellularity, cells are bound close togther, no intercellular space

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8
Q

Polarity

A

Have an exposed apical surface, attached basal surface, is the term that is in reference to this structural and functional difference

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9
Q

Epithelioid cells

A

Epithelial cells without a free surface

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10
Q

Attachment

A

Basal layer is attached to the basal lamina

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11
Q

Avascularity

A

Do not contain blood vessels (do not bleed)

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12
Q

Functions of Epithelial tissue

A

Provides physical protection, from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction, controls permeability, provides sensation (neuroepithelia), produces secretions special gland cells (unicellular glands, glandular epithelia)

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13
Q

Microvilli

A

Increases surface area for absorption of material, found on apical surface of cells of the urinary and digestive tracts

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14
Q

Stereocilia

A

Long microvilli, commonly found in the inner ear and male reproductive tract

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15
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

Moves substances over the apical surface, found lining the respiratory tract

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16
Q

Intercellular Connections

A

Extensive connection between the cells, holds the cells together, prevents the passage of chemicals and pathogens, cells junctions, CAMs, and intercellular cement give the epithelium strength and stability

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17
Q

Attachment to the basal lamina

A

The cell membrane attaches to the basement membrane, consists of typically two layers, basal lamina (plasma membrane), reticular lamina (connective tissue), reticular lamina in turn attaches to underlying connective tissue

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18
Q

Epithelial maintenance and renewal

A

Must be replaces frequently, due to exposure to: disruptive enzyme, toxic chemicals pathogens, mechanical abrasion, replaced through time via continual division of stem cells near the basal lamina

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19
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Epithelium has only one layer of cells, nuclei are approximately at the same level within each cell, found in protected areas such as the internal compartments of the body

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20
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Epithelium has two or more layers of cells, found in areas where there are mechanical or chemical stresses

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21
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Cells are relatively flat in appearance

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22
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Cells are shaped like cubes

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23
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Cells are longer than they are wide- shaped like columns

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24
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Consists of very delicate cells, location:lining body cavities (mesothelium), lining the heart and thee blood vessels (Endothelium), function: reduces friction, absorbs and secretes material

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25
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Location: surface of skin, lines mouth, anus, esophagus, vagina, function: protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals, hair shafts and palms have keratinized epithelium. Cells produce keratin, mucosal lining is nonkeratinized

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26
Q

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

A

Location: thyroid gland, ducts, kidney tubules
Function: secretion, absorption, very limited protection

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27
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Rare
Location: ducts of sweat glands
Function: secretion, absorption

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28
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Location: lining stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of the kidneys
Function: secretion, absorption, protection

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29
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Location: pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary glands, and urethra
Function: protection

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30
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Nuclei situated at different levels
Location: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
Function: protection, secretion

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31
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Consists of many layers, a combination of cuboidal and “oddly” shaped cells
Location: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, and ureters
Function: ability to stretch extensively

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32
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

Contain gland cells,
Classified based on: the type of secretion released, the structure of the gland, mode of secretion
Typed of glands: exocrine, endocrine

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33
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretions travel through ducts to the epithelial surface

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34
Q

Serous glands

A

Watery fluid with enzymes

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35
Q

Mucous glands

A

Secrete glycoproteins called mucins (mucus)

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36
Q

Mixed exocrine glands

A

Contain both serous and mucus secretions

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37
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secretion enter into the blood or lymph, these secretion are hormones

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38
Q

Goblet cells

A

Are found within the trachea

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39
Q

Mucous cells

A

Are found within the salivary glands

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40
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Secrete mucins, two types: goblet cells and mucus cells

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41
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Secrete mucins, produces secretory sheets, the secretory sheets lining the stomach produce mucin to protect the stomach lining

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42
Q

Tubular gland

A

Cells are arranged in a tube

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43
Q

Alveolar (acinar) gland

A

Cells form a blind pocket

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44
Q

Tubuloalveolar (tubuloacinar) gland

A

A gland that combines tubular and alveolar

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45
Q

Structure of the ducts

A

Simple: no branching
Compound: repeated branches

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46
Q

Eccrine secretion

A

Exocytosis, found in salivary glands

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47
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Shedding of the apical portion of the cell, found in mammary glands

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48
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Cell burst apart, found in sebaceous glands

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49
Q

Matrix

A

Is the collective term for the extracellular tissue that is made of protein fibers and the ground substance (fluid portion of the matrix)
The matrix of bone is calcified

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50
Q

Classification of connective tissue

A

Establishing the structural framework of the body
Transporting fluid and dissolved materials
Protecting organs
Supporting, surrounding, and connecting other tissues
Storing energy
Defending the body from microorganisms

51
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Has a matrix of fibers (loose fibers and dense fibers)
Two classes of connective tissue proper cells, fixed cells and wandering cell

52
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Produce connective tissue fibers

53
Q

FIbrocytes

A

Maintain connective tissue fibers and matrix

54
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

Phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells

55
Q

Adipocytes

A

Store lipid reserves

56
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Connective tissue stem cells that can differentiated into other cell types

57
Q

Melanocytes

A

Synthesize melanin

58
Q

Free macrophages

A

Mobile/traveling phagocytic cells (derived from monocytes of the blood)

59
Q

Mast cells

A

Stimulate local inflammation

60
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Participate in immune response

61
Q

Neutrophils and eosinophils

A

Mobilize during infection or tissue injury

62
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Fiber associated with connective tissue
Collagen fibers are designed in such a manner to develop tensile strength, which is the ability to resist tension

63
Q

Reticular

A

FIber associated with connective tissue
Support more than 1 fiber

64
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Fiber associated with connective tissue
Contain protein called elastin

65
Q

Loose connective tissues

A

Loose fibers, areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

66
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

Dense fibers, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

67
Q

Loose connective tissues

A

Loose fibers, areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

68
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

Dense fibers, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

69
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Location: deep dermis, between muscles, around blood vessels, around nerves
Function: connects skin to muscle, provides minimal support but independent movement
Matrix: fibers

70
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Location: hypodermis/buttocks/surrounds organs
FUnction: cushion/insulation
Matrix: fibers
Two types: white fat (white adipose cells), brown fat (brown adipose cells)

71
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Location: liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, bone marrow
Function: supporting framework
Matrix: fibers

72
Q

Dense regular connective tissues

A

Location: tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments, elastic tissue
Function: tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments, elastic ligaments, elastic tissue
Matrix: fibers

73
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

74
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Connect muscle to muscle or cover entire muscle

75
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

76
Q

Elastic ligaments

A

Contain elastic fibers allowing for a modest amount of stretching

77
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Stabilizes the vertebrae

78
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Location: nerve and muscle sheaths
Function: provides strength, forms a fibrous capsule around organs
Matrix: fibers

79
Q

Fluid connective tissues

A

Blood and lymph are these
Blood location: circulatory system, erythrocyte, leukocytes, platelets, matrix: liquid (plasma)

80
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

81
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Fight infections

82
Q

Platelets

A

Blood clotting

83
Q

Lymph

A

Location: lymphatic system
Lymphocytes: develop into T cells and B cells
Function: Involved with the immune system

84
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A

Provide a strong framework that supports rest of body
Cartilage: made of chondrocytes, gel matrix made of chondroitin sulfate, cells reside in lacunae, avascular, have a fibrous perichondrium, cellular layer and fibrous layer, involved with: appositional growth, interstitial growth

85
Q

Appositional growth

A

Increases cellular dimension

86
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Production of additional matrix material

87
Q

Bone

A

Solid matrix of calcium phosphate, cells reside in lacunae

88
Q

Hyaline cartilage tissue

A

Location: connection between ribs and sternum, connection within the joints of the elbow and knee, tracheal cartilage rings
Function: FLexible support, reduces friction
Matrix: gelatinous

89
Q

Elastic cartilage tissue

A

Location: auricle of the ear, epiglottis, auditory tube
Function: flexible support
Matrix: gelatinous

90
Q

Fibrous cartilage tissue

A

Location: pads within the knee joints, pads between the spinal vertebrae, pubic symphysis
Function: resists compression, absorbs shock
Matric: gelatinous

91
Q

Bone

A

Location: skeletal system
Function: support and strength
Matrix: solid (lamellae)
All bone surfaces are covered with a periosteum, made of osteons, two types of bone

92
Q

Osteons consist of

A

Central canal/osteocytes/lacunae/canaliculi/matrix called lamellae

93
Q

Compact bone

A

Blood vessels are trapped in the matrix

94
Q

Spongy bone

A

Blood vessels are not trapped in the matrix

95
Q

Membrane

A

Epithelial and connective tissue combine to form membranes

96
Q

Each membrane consists of

A

Sheet of epithelial cells, an underlying connective tissue

97
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts, form a barrier that resists pathogen entry, keep the epithelial surfaces moist, the connection of the epithelium with underlying tissue is called lamina propria, provide support for blood vessels and nerves

98
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line of the body cavities, consist of a parietal and a visceral layer, three types of serous membrane: pleur, peritoneum, pericardium, the serous fluid associated with each membrane is transudate

99
Q

Pleura

A

Lines the lungs

100
Q

Peritoneum

A

Lines the peritoneal cavity

101
Q

Pericardium

A

Lines the heart

102
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Make up the skin, consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, thick and waterproof

103
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines the joint cavities, produces synovial fluid that reduces friction within the joints, different than the other membranes: no basal lamina or reticular lamina, has gaps between cells, cells are derived from macrophages and fibroblasts

104
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A

Two forms of embryonic connective tissue: mesenchyme, mucoid connective tissue

105
Q

Mesenchyme

A

First tissue to form in a developing embryo

106
Q

Mucoid connective tissue

A

Found throughout the developing embryo

107
Q

Framework

A

Connective tissue creates the internal framework of the body, layers of connective tissue connect organs with the rest of the body, layers of connective tissue are called fascia

108
Q

Fascia

A

Layers of connective tissue

109
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis, between skin and underlying organs, areolar tissue and adipose tissue

110
Q

Deep fascia

A

Intermuscular fascia, forms a strong, fibrous internal framework, dense irregular connective tissue, bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments, etc.

111
Q

Suberous fascia

A

Between serous membranes and deep fascia, areolar tissue

112
Q

Sacroplasm

A

Cytoplasm

113
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane

114
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Referred to as skeletal muscle fibers, multinucleated, incapable of cell reproduction, have a striped appearance under the microscope, voluntarily moves the skeleton

115
Q

Mutlinucleated

A

Nuclei lie just under the sacrolemma

116
Q

Myosatellite cells

A

Can reproduce and therefore muscle repair is possible

117
Q

Striated voluntary muscle

A

Striped appearance under the microscope

118
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Found only associated with the heart, each cell has just one nucleus, cells connected by intercalated discs, pulsating contraction (rely on pacemaker cells), called striated involuntary muscle, these cardiac muscle cells are branched- an important distinctionfrom skeletal muscle fibers

119
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Found: base of hair follicles, in the walls of blood vessels, lining the urinary bladder, within respiratory,, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts, is capable of cell reproduction, has tapered ends, nonstriated involuntary muscle, involuntary contraction

120
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Specialized to conduct electrical signals through the body, longest cells in the body, incapable of cell reproduction, consists of : soma (cell body), axon (nerve fiber), dendrite, neurons, neuroglia

121
Q

Neurons

A

The cells that actually transmit the impluse

122
Q

Neuroglia

A

The supporting cells of the neural tissue, these cells protect the neurons

123
Q

Cardiac muscle cells and neural tissue

A

They can not regenerate, relatively minor damage adds up over time, sometimes causing severe health issues

124
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A reduction in bone strength

Human Anatomy (5 decks)

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