Human Anatomy Chapter 4 Flashcards
Atoms
Make up moleculess
Molecules
Make up cells
Cells
Make up tissues
Tissues
Make up organs
Organs
Make up organ systems
Organ systems
Make up organisms
Epithelial tissue
Cellularity, cells are bound close togther, no intercellular space
Polarity
Have an exposed apical surface, attached basal surface, is the term that is in reference to this structural and functional difference
Epithelioid cells
Epithelial cells without a free surface
Attachment
Basal layer is attached to the basal lamina
Avascularity
Do not contain blood vessels (do not bleed)
Functions of Epithelial tissue
Provides physical protection, from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction, controls permeability, provides sensation (neuroepithelia), produces secretions special gland cells (unicellular glands, glandular epithelia)
Microvilli
Increases surface area for absorption of material, found on apical surface of cells of the urinary and digestive tracts
Stereocilia
Long microvilli, commonly found in the inner ear and male reproductive tract
Ciliated epithelium
Moves substances over the apical surface, found lining the respiratory tract
Intercellular Connections
Extensive connection between the cells, holds the cells together, prevents the passage of chemicals and pathogens, cells junctions, CAMs, and intercellular cement give the epithelium strength and stability
Attachment to the basal lamina
The cell membrane attaches to the basement membrane, consists of typically two layers, basal lamina (plasma membrane), reticular lamina (connective tissue), reticular lamina in turn attaches to underlying connective tissue
Epithelial maintenance and renewal
Must be replaces frequently, due to exposure to: disruptive enzyme, toxic chemicals pathogens, mechanical abrasion, replaced through time via continual division of stem cells near the basal lamina
Simple epithelium
Epithelium has only one layer of cells, nuclei are approximately at the same level within each cell, found in protected areas such as the internal compartments of the body
Stratified epithelium
Epithelium has two or more layers of cells, found in areas where there are mechanical or chemical stresses
Squamous epithelium
Cells are relatively flat in appearance
Cuboidal epithelium
Cells are shaped like cubes
Columnar epithelium
Cells are longer than they are wide- shaped like columns
Simple squamous epithelium
Consists of very delicate cells, location:lining body cavities (mesothelium), lining the heart and thee blood vessels (Endothelium), function: reduces friction, absorbs and secretes material
Stratified squamous epithelium
Location: surface of skin, lines mouth, anus, esophagus, vagina, function: protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals, hair shafts and palms have keratinized epithelium. Cells produce keratin, mucosal lining is nonkeratinized
Simple Cuboidal epithelium
Location: thyroid gland, ducts, kidney tubules
Function: secretion, absorption, very limited protection
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Rare
Location: ducts of sweat glands
Function: secretion, absorption
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Location: lining stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of the kidneys
Function: secretion, absorption, protection
Stratified columnar epithelium
Location: pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary glands, and urethra
Function: protection
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Nuclei situated at different levels
Location: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
Function: protection, secretion
Transitional epithelium
Consists of many layers, a combination of cuboidal and “oddly” shaped cells
Location: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, and ureters
Function: ability to stretch extensively
Glandular epithelia
Contain gland cells,
Classified based on: the type of secretion released, the structure of the gland, mode of secretion
Typed of glands: exocrine, endocrine
Exocrine glands
Secretions travel through ducts to the epithelial surface
Serous glands
Watery fluid with enzymes
Mucous glands
Secrete glycoproteins called mucins (mucus)
Mixed exocrine glands
Contain both serous and mucus secretions
Endocrine glands
Secretion enter into the blood or lymph, these secretion are hormones
Goblet cells
Are found within the trachea
Mucous cells
Are found within the salivary glands
Unicellular glands
Secrete mucins, two types: goblet cells and mucus cells
Multicellular glands
Secrete mucins, produces secretory sheets, the secretory sheets lining the stomach produce mucin to protect the stomach lining
Tubular gland
Cells are arranged in a tube
Alveolar (acinar) gland
Cells form a blind pocket
Tubuloalveolar (tubuloacinar) gland
A gland that combines tubular and alveolar
Structure of the ducts
Simple: no branching
Compound: repeated branches
Eccrine secretion
Exocytosis, found in salivary glands
Apocrine secretion
Shedding of the apical portion of the cell, found in mammary glands
Holocrine secretion
Cell burst apart, found in sebaceous glands
Matrix
Is the collective term for the extracellular tissue that is made of protein fibers and the ground substance (fluid portion of the matrix)
The matrix of bone is calcified
Classification of connective tissue
Establishing the structural framework of the body
Transporting fluid and dissolved materials
Protecting organs
Supporting, surrounding, and connecting other tissues
Storing energy
Defending the body from microorganisms
Connective tissue proper
Has a matrix of fibers (loose fibers and dense fibers)
Two classes of connective tissue proper cells, fixed cells and wandering cell
Fibroblasts
Produce connective tissue fibers
FIbrocytes
Maintain connective tissue fibers and matrix
Fixed macrophages
Phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells
Adipocytes
Store lipid reserves
Mesenchymal cells
Connective tissue stem cells that can differentiated into other cell types
Melanocytes
Synthesize melanin
Free macrophages
Mobile/traveling phagocytic cells (derived from monocytes of the blood)
Mast cells
Stimulate local inflammation
Lymphocytes
Participate in immune response
Neutrophils and eosinophils
Mobilize during infection or tissue injury
Collagen fibers
Fiber associated with connective tissue
Collagen fibers are designed in such a manner to develop tensile strength, which is the ability to resist tension
Reticular
FIber associated with connective tissue
Support more than 1 fiber
Elastic fibers
Fiber associated with connective tissue
Contain protein called elastin
Loose connective tissues
Loose fibers, areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
Dense connective tissues
Dense fibers, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
Loose connective tissues
Loose fibers, areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
Dense connective tissues
Dense fibers, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
Areolar tissue
Location: deep dermis, between muscles, around blood vessels, around nerves
Function: connects skin to muscle, provides minimal support but independent movement
Matrix: fibers
Adipose tissue
Location: hypodermis/buttocks/surrounds organs
FUnction: cushion/insulation
Matrix: fibers
Two types: white fat (white adipose cells), brown fat (brown adipose cells)
Reticular tissue
Location: liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, bone marrow
Function: supporting framework
Matrix: fibers
Dense regular connective tissues
Location: tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments, elastic tissue
Function: tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments, elastic ligaments, elastic tissue
Matrix: fibers
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Aponeuroses
Connect muscle to muscle or cover entire muscle
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Elastic ligaments
Contain elastic fibers allowing for a modest amount of stretching
Elastic tissue
Stabilizes the vertebrae
Dense irregular connective tissue
Location: nerve and muscle sheaths
Function: provides strength, forms a fibrous capsule around organs
Matrix: fibers
Fluid connective tissues
Blood and lymph are these
Blood location: circulatory system, erythrocyte, leukocytes, platelets, matrix: liquid (plasma)
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Fight infections
Platelets
Blood clotting
Lymph
Location: lymphatic system
Lymphocytes: develop into T cells and B cells
Function: Involved with the immune system
Supporting connective tissue
Provide a strong framework that supports rest of body
Cartilage: made of chondrocytes, gel matrix made of chondroitin sulfate, cells reside in lacunae, avascular, have a fibrous perichondrium, cellular layer and fibrous layer, involved with: appositional growth, interstitial growth
Appositional growth
Increases cellular dimension
Interstitial growth
Production of additional matrix material
Bone
Solid matrix of calcium phosphate, cells reside in lacunae
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Location: connection between ribs and sternum, connection within the joints of the elbow and knee, tracheal cartilage rings
Function: FLexible support, reduces friction
Matrix: gelatinous
Elastic cartilage tissue
Location: auricle of the ear, epiglottis, auditory tube
Function: flexible support
Matrix: gelatinous
Fibrous cartilage tissue
Location: pads within the knee joints, pads between the spinal vertebrae, pubic symphysis
Function: resists compression, absorbs shock
Matric: gelatinous
Bone
Location: skeletal system
Function: support and strength
Matrix: solid (lamellae)
All bone surfaces are covered with a periosteum, made of osteons, two types of bone
Osteons consist of
Central canal/osteocytes/lacunae/canaliculi/matrix called lamellae
Compact bone
Blood vessels are trapped in the matrix
Spongy bone
Blood vessels are not trapped in the matrix
Membrane
Epithelial and connective tissue combine to form membranes
Each membrane consists of
Sheet of epithelial cells, an underlying connective tissue
Mucous membranes
Line digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts, form a barrier that resists pathogen entry, keep the epithelial surfaces moist, the connection of the epithelium with underlying tissue is called lamina propria, provide support for blood vessels and nerves
Serous membranes
Line of the body cavities, consist of a parietal and a visceral layer, three types of serous membrane: pleur, peritoneum, pericardium, the serous fluid associated with each membrane is transudate
Pleura
Lines the lungs
Peritoneum
Lines the peritoneal cavity
Pericardium
Lines the heart
Cutaneous membrane
Make up the skin, consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, thick and waterproof
Synovial membrane
Lines the joint cavities, produces synovial fluid that reduces friction within the joints, different than the other membranes: no basal lamina or reticular lamina, has gaps between cells, cells are derived from macrophages and fibroblasts
Embryonic connective tissue
Two forms of embryonic connective tissue: mesenchyme, mucoid connective tissue
Mesenchyme
First tissue to form in a developing embryo
Mucoid connective tissue
Found throughout the developing embryo
Framework
Connective tissue creates the internal framework of the body, layers of connective tissue connect organs with the rest of the body, layers of connective tissue are called fascia
Fascia
Layers of connective tissue
Superficial fascia
Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis, between skin and underlying organs, areolar tissue and adipose tissue
Deep fascia
Intermuscular fascia, forms a strong, fibrous internal framework, dense irregular connective tissue, bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments, etc.
Suberous fascia
Between serous membranes and deep fascia, areolar tissue
Sacroplasm
Cytoplasm
Sarcolemma
Cell membrane
Skeletal muscle tissue
Referred to as skeletal muscle fibers, multinucleated, incapable of cell reproduction, have a striped appearance under the microscope, voluntarily moves the skeleton
Mutlinucleated
Nuclei lie just under the sacrolemma
Myosatellite cells
Can reproduce and therefore muscle repair is possible
Striated voluntary muscle
Striped appearance under the microscope
Cardiac muscle tissue
Found only associated with the heart, each cell has just one nucleus, cells connected by intercalated discs, pulsating contraction (rely on pacemaker cells), called striated involuntary muscle, these cardiac muscle cells are branched- an important distinctionfrom skeletal muscle fibers
Smooth muscle tissue
Found: base of hair follicles, in the walls of blood vessels, lining the urinary bladder, within respiratory,, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts, is capable of cell reproduction, has tapered ends, nonstriated involuntary muscle, involuntary contraction
Nervous tissue
Specialized to conduct electrical signals through the body, longest cells in the body, incapable of cell reproduction, consists of : soma (cell body), axon (nerve fiber), dendrite, neurons, neuroglia
Neurons
The cells that actually transmit the impluse
Neuroglia
The supporting cells of the neural tissue, these cells protect the neurons
Cardiac muscle cells and neural tissue
They can not regenerate, relatively minor damage adds up over time, sometimes causing severe health issues
Osteoporosis
A reduction in bone strength
