Human Anatomy Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of external structures, internal structures, the relationship between body parts, careful observation of the human body, and provides clues about physiological functions
Physiology
The study of how the body functions, mechanisms in the body, and a relationship of anatomical structures to physiological function
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Cytology
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissues
Gross Anatomy
The study of structures that can be seen without magnification
Surface anatomy
The study of general anatomical form, or morphology, refers to the superficial anatomical markings
Regional anatomy
Refers to all structures in a specific area of the body i.e. head neck, trunk
Systemic anatomy
The study of the organ systems of the body i.e. digestive system, cardiovascular system, urinary system
Developmental anatomy
Examines structural change over time
Embryology
The study of early developmental stages
Comparative anatomy
Anatomical similarities and differences in different types of animals
Clinical anatomy
Studies anatomical changes that occur during pathological illness
Surgical anatomy
Studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures
Radiographic anatomy
Using x-rays or ultrasound scans to study anatomy
Cross-sectional anatomy
Using radiographic techniques (CT,MRI, and spiral scans) to study cross sections of the body
Chemical/Molecular level
Over a dozen elements in the body. 99% hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Major compounds - water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
Cellular level
The smallest living unit in the body. Consists of organelles
Tissue level
Many cells and some surrounding material i.e. epithelial, muscular, neural, and connective tissue
Organ level
Combination of tissues i.e. the heart consists of all the above - mentioned tissues
Responsiveness
The ability to respond to changes. The capacity to make long-lasting adjustments
Growth and Differentiation
The increase in the size of cells. The increase in the number of cells. The cells become specialized to perform particular functions
Reproduction
The production of new generations of the same organism
Movement
Internal movement- the movement of food or blood. External movement- walking
Metabolism and Excretion
All the chemical reactions in the body
Anabolism
The synthesis of complex molecules
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules
Absorption
The process of bringing material into the body
Respiration
The absorption, transport, and use oxygen by cells
Excretion
The removal of waste
Integumentary system
Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature. Organs: skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, subcutaneous layer
Skeletal system
Supports and protects tissues; stores minerals forms blood cells. Organs: bones, cartilages and joints, axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages, and ligaments, appendicular skeleton (limbs and supporting bones and ligaments), ligaments, bone marrow
Muscular System
Allows for locomotion provides support; produces heat. Organs: skeletal muscles, axial muscle, appendicular muscles, tendons and aponeuroses
Nervous system
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems. Organs: central nervous system (CNS), brain, spinal cord, special senses, peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Endocrine system
Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems. Organs: Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads: testes, ovaries
Cardiovascular system
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
Lymphatic system
Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream. Organs: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
Respiratory system
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood produces sound. Organs: nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs-alveoli
Digestive system
Processes food and absorbs nutrients. Organs: oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine
Urinary system
Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes. Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Male reproductive system
Produces sex cells and hormones. Organs: testes, accessory organs-epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, urethra, external genitalia-penis, scrotum
Female reproductive system
Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth. Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia-clitoris, labia, mammary glands
Superficial anatomy
Used to understand structures that are deep to (internal to) the integument, anatomical landmarks, regions, directions
Sectional anatomy
Electric imaging allows us to see inside the body. The sectional view is kept to illustrate the anatomy of 3D objects, planes and sections, body cavities
Anatomical position
Standing with the feet flat on the floor, hands by side, palms facing forward, supine:lying down (face up), prone: lying down (face down)
Anatomical regions
Areas of the human body defined by the landmarks provided by evident structures that are easily palpable or visible; cephalon (head), trunk, upper limb, lower limb
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into four sections
Abdominopelvic regions
The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into nine sections
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), and right ureter
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Most of small intestine portions of large intestine, left ureter, and reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)
Right hypochondriac region
Fundus of liver
Right lumbar region
Ascending colon
Right inguinal region
Appendix
Left hypochondriac region
Fundus of stomach, spleen
Left lumbar region
Descending colon
Left inguinal region
Sigmoid colon
Epigastric region
Most of the liver, most of the stomach, most of the pancreas, gallbladder
Umbilical region
Transverse colon, most of the small intestine
Hypogastric (pubic) region
Urinary bladder/rectum
Cranial, caudal
Head, feet
Anterior, posterior
Front and back
Medial, lateral
left, right
Superficial, deep
on the surface further in
Proximal, distal
closer to the middle, further away
Sagittal plane
Separates the tissue/body into left and right sections
Midsagittal
Equal left and right sections
Parasagittal
Parallel section to the midline
Transverse plane
Separates the tissue/body into proximal and distal sections
Frontal plane
Separates the tissue/body into anterior and posterior sections
Serial Reconstruction
A series of sections at small intervals
Body cavities
The body can first be divided into two major cavities
Posterior cavity (dorsal cavity)
Cranial cavity, spinal cavity
Anterior cavity (ventral cavity)
Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity; contains viscera and is separated from the thoracic cavity via the diaphragm muscle, pelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, peritoneal cavity
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura, parietal pleura
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium, parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Peritoneal cavity
Visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
