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Huda Facts > Huda Facts > Flashcards

Huda Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Watt

A

Joule/Sec

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2
Q

Lead K-edge

A

88 kev

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3
Q

X-ray wavelength is on the order of:

A

an atom

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4
Q

MR RF wavelength is on the order of:

A

a patient

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5
Q

K shell to outer shell binding energy ratio

A

1000 to 1

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6
Q

Tungsten k-edge

A

70 kev

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7
Q

Extremity radiograph relies mostly of which kind of x-ray interaction with tissue:

A

PE effect due to high z of bone (prob of PE effect increases with z cubed)

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8
Q

KVP for extremity radiograph

A

60 KVP

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9
Q

KVP for abdomen radiogaph

A

80 KVP

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10
Q

KVP for chest radiograph

A

120 KVP

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11
Q

MA for chest radiograph

A

500-1000

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12
Q

MA for CT

A

500-1000

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13
Q

MA for Fluoro

A

5

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14
Q

MAS for a chest xray

A

1

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15
Q

MAS for an abdomen radiograph

A

20

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16
Q

Does energy get transferred with coherent scatter?

A

No

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17
Q

Another name for coherent scatter

A

Raleigh

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18
Q

What percentage of X-rays are absorbed by a patient

A

67%

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19
Q

What percentage of X-rays are scattered by a patient

A

23%

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20
Q

What percentage of X-rays penetrate the patient and hit the detector

A

1%

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21
Q

Which energy is most likely transmitted by an Ag k-edge filter in mammo (25kev k-edge)

A

24 kev

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22
Q

Xray energy where PE = compton in tissue

A

25 kev

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23
Q

What is the half value layer of TISSUE (not aluminum) for x-rays

A

3 cm

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24
Q

What interaction is most likely in a head CT?

A

Compton

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25
Q

Air Kerma for lateral skull radiograph

A

1 mGy

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26
Q

Air Kerma for frontal skull radiograph

A

2 Gy

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27
Q

Air Kerma at the image receptor for all radiographs

A

3 micro Gy

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28
Q

Air Kerma at the receptor is kept constant by the:

A

automatic exposure control (AEC)

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29
Q

Kerma Air Product for a radiograph is about:

A

1 G-square centimeters

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30
Q

KAP for a small bowel follow-through is about:

A

10 G-square centimeters

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31
Q

KAP for a TIPS is about:

A

100 G-sq cm

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32
Q

Air Kerma rate for fluoro

A

10 mGy/min

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33
Q

Cu filter is added for:

A

pediatric radiography

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34
Q

What percentage increased in KAP if a patient gets fatter by 3 cm?

A

100% bc 3 cm of human tissue is one half value layer for radiographs

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35
Q

Which x-ray tube parameter is always increased in fat patients?

A

KVP (not mas)

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36
Q

Skin erythema is technically possible starting at what threshold air kerma?

A

2 Gy

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37
Q

Cataracts are technically possible starting at what threshold air kerma?

A

0.5 Gy

38
Q

Average glandular dose for a single mammo?

A

3 mGy per view

39
Q

Dose to the embryo from one abdominal radiograph?

A

1 mGy

40
Q

Dose to the embryo from one abd/pel CT?

A

10 mGy

41
Q

Which has highest linear energy transfer among x-rays, gamma rays, and beta particles?

A

All the same.

42
Q

Effective dose for chest CT, abdomen CT, and pelvis CT?

A

All about 3-5 mSv

43
Q

Effective dose for head CT?

A

About 2 mSv

44
Q

Range and examples for very low dose exam?

A

less than 0.1 mSv - examples are extremity radiograph, chest radiograph, and skull radiograph

45
Q

Range and examples for low dose exam?

A

between 0.1 and 1 mSv. Examples are lateral spine radiograph, abdominal radiograph, and extremity CT.

46
Q

Range and examples for moderate dose exams?

A

Between 1 and 10 mSv. Examples are CT chest, CT abdomen, CT pelvis, small bowel follow through, and MDP bone scan.

47
Q

Range and examples for high dose exams?

A

Above 10 mSV. Examples are TIPS, FDG-PET, and triple phase liver protocol CT.

48
Q

Ubiquitous background radiation per year in the US?

A

1 mSV

49
Q

Background radiation in the US due to Radon?

A

2 mSV

50
Q

Average amount of radiation received by a NM tech per year?

A

3 mSv

51
Q

Average amount of radiation received by both IR fellows and commercial airline pilots every year?

A

5 mSv

52
Q

Cosmic radiation is higher where?

A

High altitudes

53
Q

What is the scatter to primary ratio in abdominal x-rays?

A

5 to 1

54
Q

Name 3 times when you DONT use a grid?

A

peds radiograph, extremity radiopgraphy, and mag mammo

55
Q

Standard grid ratio for radiography

A

10 to 1

56
Q

What do the numbers in the grid stand for?

A

first number is height of the septa. Second number is the space BETWEEN the septa.

57
Q

What percentage of the primary transmission makes it through a grid?

A

70%

58
Q

What percentage of scatter makes it through a grid?

A

10%

59
Q

At which patient thickness do you have to start using a grid (in peds)?

A

12 cm

60
Q

How much more radiation is needed to expose a traditional film without the screen?

A

50 x more

61
Q

What makes a film “faster?”

A

thicker crystal with increased sensitivity (also increased blur from light dispersion)

62
Q

Scintillator for FPD

A

CsI

63
Q

Rank scintillator types by patient dose

A

CsI (lowest), BaFBr (medium), Se (highest)

64
Q

Rank scintillator types by image sharpness

A

BaFBr (lowest), CsI (moderate), Se (best)

65
Q

How many shades of gray does one byte code for?

A

256 (2 to the 8th power)

66
Q

What are the only two imaging modalities that make use of only 1 byte (8bits = 256 shades of gray) per pixel?

A

NM and US (shitty images)

67
Q

All of modalities make use of 2 bytes (16 bits = 512 shades of gray) per pixel

A

radiography, mammo, CT etc.

68
Q

How big is a chest Xray file?

A

10 MB

69
Q

How big is a mammo image file

A

15 MB

70
Q

How big is a CT image (one slice) image file?

A

0.5 MB

71
Q

How many pixels do you need on a monitor to read mammo?

A

5 MP

72
Q

How man pixels do you need on a monitor to read x-ray?

A

3 MP

73
Q

How many pixels do you need on a monitor to read CT?

A

2 MP

74
Q

Who monitors monitors?

A

Society for Motion Picture and Television Engineers

75
Q

Does analog or digital radiography have more quantum mottle?

A

same

76
Q

How many line pairs can you see if the sampling frequency is 1/6

A
  1. Sampling frequency of 1/6 means 6 pixels for mm. If you divide pixels per mm, you get the number of line pairs visible.
77
Q

What is the y axis of a ROC

A

Sensitivity or true positives

78
Q

What is the x axis of a ROC

A

1-specificity or false positives

79
Q

What is the relationship between geometric magnification and motion blur?

A

independent

80
Q

Rank human cells, bacteria, and viruses in order of least to most susceptible to radiation?

A

human cells most then bacteria then viruses. Viruses are super resistant to radiation.

81
Q

What is the latency period for the onset of radiation induced leukemia?

A

Years

82
Q

What is the latency period for the onset of radiation induced solid cancer?

A

Decades

83
Q

What is the background incidence of cancer in the US without additional exposure to radiation from medical exams?

A

40% of Americans get cancer

84
Q

What is the risk of a 25 year old getting radiation induced cancer from 10 mSV of radiation?

A

0.10%

85
Q

Has there been a study of human offspring having genetic effects of radiation?

A

No. Only animals. not even A bomb survivors.

86
Q

What percent of human births have a genetic defect?

A

4%

87
Q

What is the doubling dose for genetic defects?

A

1Gy (rate goes from 4% of births to 8%)

88
Q

Deterministic effects for an embryo are VERY unlikely below what amount of radiation?

A

100 mGy

89
Q

What is the rate of pediatric cancer in the US?

A

1 in 500

90
Q

What is the doubling dose for pediatric cancers?

A

25 mGy. Rate goes from 1 in 500 to 2 in 500.

Huda Facts (5 decks)

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