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HUB2019F > HUB Paper 1 > Flashcards

HUB Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chiasmata

A

Point where chromosomes are joined together in prophase 1

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2
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Random aligning of chromosomes in Metaphase

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3
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Dormant germ cells divide by mitosis to produce spermatogonia.

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4
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A

Spermatogonia in Prophase I

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5
Q

Spermatids

A

Results of meiosis of primary spermatocytes

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6
Q

Acrosomal cap

A

Hydrolytic enzymes in head of sperm

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7
Q

Oogonia

A

Result of mitotic division of dormant germ cells in ovary

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8
Q

Primordial follicle

A

Oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened cells (pauses in Prophase I)

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9
Q

Primary follicle

A

When follicle cells around primordial follicle plump up

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10
Q

Zona Pelucida

A

Glycoprotein layer around primary follicle

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11
Q

Antrum

A

Fluid filled cavity in a Graafian follicle

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12
Q

Ovulation

A

Follicle wall thins, ruptures, and oocyte slowly descends into the Fallopian tube

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13
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Remaining ovarian follicle wall that is connected to ovary wall after ovulation

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14
Q

Sperm capacitation

A

Cholesterol from semen removed from aperm head, making it more permeable to calcium and increasing motility and facilitates release of enzymes from acrosomal cap

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15
Q

Integrins

A

Membrane proteins on oocyte that mediate attachment and penetration of sperm to oocyte plasma membrane

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16
Q

Fertlins and Cyritestins

A

Membrane proteins on sperm that mediate attachment and penetration of sperm to oocyte plasma membrane

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17
Q

Polyspermy

A

When more than 1 sperm enter the oocyte

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18
Q

Zygote

A

When pronuclei from egg and sperm in embryo fuse

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19
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A

Complete cleavage

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20
Q

Meroblastic cleavage

A

Incomplete cleavage (too much yolk)

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21
Q

Blastocyst

A

After morula stage, has distinct ICM and TB

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22
Q

Morula

A

When blastomeres start to compact at 8-cell stage

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23
Q

Inner Cell Mass (ICM)

A

small group of cells on inside of blastocyst - gives rise to embryo

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24
Q

Trophoblast (TB)

A

Large group of external cells of blastocyst - gives rise to extra-embryonic tissue

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25
Q

Totipotent

A

Can give rise to anything

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26
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can give rise to lots but not all

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27
Q

Multipotent

A

Can give rise to a bunch, but less than pluripotent (blastocyst)

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28
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

2-cell embryo divides forming 2 embryos

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29
Q

Conjoined twins

A

When ICM doesn’t completely divide in monozygotic twins

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30
Q

Hatching

A

Embryo sheds Zona Pelucida in uterus to prepare for implantation

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31
Q

Implantation

A

Attachment of embryo to endometrium

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32
Q

Epiblast

A

Epithelial layer of ICM - becomes embryo and amnion

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33
Q

Hypoblast

A

Epithelial layer of ICM - gives rise to primary yolk sac

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34
Q

Extraembryonic Mesoderm (EM)

A

Populates space below TB

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35
Q

Gastrulation

A

Formation of 3 primary germ layers

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36
Q

Epiboly

A

Specialised form of gastrulation in organisms with ball-shaped embryo

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37
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer germ layer

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38
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle germ layer (connective tissue )

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39
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner germ layer (GIT)

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40
Q

Neural Induction

A

Formation of neural plate from thickening columnar cells above the notochord

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41
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of neural tube from neural plate

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42
Q

Neural crest

A

Tips of neural groove

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43
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles

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44
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

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45
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny finger-like projections of cell membrane containing microfilaments

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46
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like structures on surface of cell containing microtubules

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47
Q

Flagella

A

Similar in structure to cilia but much longer

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48
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Area between plasma membrane and nuclear membrane

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49
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Smallest filament of cytoskeleton

- Actin & Myosin

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50
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Exceptionaly strong filaments of cytoskeleton

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51
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Largest filament of cytoskeleton

- Tubulin

52
Q

Centrioles

A

9 bundles of 3x microtubules

53
Q

Centrosome

A

2 centrioles at right angles to each other

54
Q

Vacuole

A

Membrane-bound sacs

- Storage, digestion, waste removal

55
Q

Ribosomes

A

Free or fixed (to ER), produce proteins

56
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of intracellular membranes connected to nuclear membrane

Smooth: no ribosomes
- synthesis of lipids carbs & steroids

Rough: ribosomes
- synthesis of proteins

57
Q

Proteosome

A

Barrel-shaped structures containing protein-digesting enzymes

58
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacks of membranous discs

  • Modify/package proteins & lipids for transport
  • Renew or modify plasma membrane
59
Q

Lysosomes

A

Destroys damaged organelles or pathogens with digestive enzymes

60
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Small, spherical membrane-bound organelle

- Oxidises organic substances and toxic substances

61
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy production and calcium storage

62
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

63
Q

Amine hormones

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Melatonin
64
Q

Peptide Hormones

A
  • Calcitonin
  • Parathyroid hormones
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • Prolactin
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin
65
Q

Protein Hormones

A
  • GH
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
66
Q

Glycoprotien hormones

A
  • TSH
  • FSH
  • LH
67
Q

Steroids

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogens & Progesterones
68
Q

Downregulation

A

High concentrations of hormone triggers decrease in hormone receptors number on target cell/cell becomes less sensitive to hormones in blood

69
Q

Upregulation

A

Low concentration of hormone triggers increase in hormone receptors number on target cell/cell becomes more sensitive to hormones in blood

70
Q

Permissive effect

A

1 hormone cannot fully exert its effect without presence of second hormone

71
Q

Synergistic effect

A

2 or more hormones have similar effects -> amplified response

72
Q

Antagonistic effect

A

2 hormones with opposing effects

73
Q

Hormonal stimulus regulation of hormone secretion

A

Endocrine gland secretes hormone in response to presence of another hormone

74
Q

Humoral stimulus regulation of hormone secretion

A

Regulation of hormone secretion by changes in extracellular fluids

75
Q

Somatomedins

A

Type of GH - Insulin-like Growth factors

76
Q

Difference between T3 & T4

A

T4 (Thyroxine) - 4 iodine molecules

T3 - 3 iodine molecules

77
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

Large glycoprotein produced by thyroid follicle cells

78
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Lack to TH -> overproduction of TSH and build up of thyroglobulin in colloid = goiter

79
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Too much TH

80
Q

Glucagon

A

Stimulated by NE and epinephrine - increases plasma glucose levels

81
Q

Insulin

A

Stimulated by hyperglaecemia, GIT hormones - decreases plasma glucose levels

82
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex
  • Controls metabolism of fats and proteins and organic substances
  • increases vasoconstriction caused by epinephrine
83
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • From adrenal medulla
  • Increase rate/force of heart contraction, blood pressure & respiration
  • increase glycogenolysis and lipolysis
84
Q

Increasing intensity of exercise

A
  • Insulin decreases

- Epinephrine, NE, Cortisol, GH, Glucagon all increase

85
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

A
  1. Cellularity
  2. Polarity
  3. Attachment
  4. Regeneration
  5. Junctions
  6. Avascularity
86
Q

Intercellular connections

A
  • Occluding (tight) junction
  • Adherens Junction
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
87
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Secretion through exocytosis from secretory vesicles - cell isn’t damaged

88
Q

Eccrine secretion

A

Merocrine secretion from sweat glands

89
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

Parts of plasma membrane bud off into extracellular vesicles

90
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

Cell membrane ruptures and cell is destroyed as secretion is released into lumen

91
Q

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

A
  • Contractibility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
  • Excitability
92
Q

Structural classifications of Neurons

A
  • Anaxonic
  • Unipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Multipolar
93
Q

types of Neuroglia

A

in PNS:

  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite cells

in CNS:

  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
94
Q

White matter vs grey matter

A

White - myelinated axons

grey - Cell bodies and dendrites

95
Q

Endoneurium

A

Membrane surrounding individual axons and their Schwann cells

96
Q

Perineurium

A

Membrane surrounding groups of axons to form fascicles

97
Q

Epineurium

A

Outer sheath/membrane surrounding individual fascicles into nerve

98
Q

Cell types of connective tissue

A
  1. Fibroblast
  2. Mast cell
  3. Macrophages
  4. Plasma cells
99
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Long, straight, strong

100
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Branching, interwoven network forming a loose mesh for cells to sit in

101
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Branching, wavy network

102
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Composed of fibres and ground substance

103
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Coating around the cell formed from glycoproteins and other carbs attached to cell membrane

104
Q

Endocytosis

A

When a particle is taken into a cell

105
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Endocytosis of macrophages

106
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis of small molecules

107
Q

Exocytosis

A

particle excreted from the cell

108
Q

Uniporter

A

Membrane transporter that moves in a single direction (down conc. gradient)

109
Q

Symporter

A

Co-transporter with 2 mols moving in same direction with 1 going against their gradient, the other going with it

110
Q

Antiporter

A

Co-transporter with 2 mols moving in posit directions, 1 with their gradient, the other without

111
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Signalling mechanism of the nervous system

112
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

No way to stimulate another action potential - all Na channels are still open and resting period hasn’t been reestablished

113
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Na channels are completely closed - won’t get full response to action potential

114
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

Things you are aware of

115
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

Involuntary control of the body

116
Q

Sympapthetic Nervous system

A

Part of autonomic - fight or flight response

117
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

Part of autonomic - Rest & digestion

118
Q

Enteric Nervous system

A

Acts independent of brain - digestive system

119
Q

Alpha-receptors

A
  • Bind to Catecholamines (EP & NEP)
  • Mediate vasoconstriction
  • Mediate piloerection
  • Mediate GI sphincter contraction
  • Ca2+ is second messenger
120
Q

Beta-1 Receptors

A
  • Bind to Catecholamines (EP & NEP)
  • Increase rate and contractibility of heart & lipolysis
  • cAMP is the second messenger
121
Q

Beta-2 Receptors

A
  • Bind to Catecholamines (EP & NEP)
  • Cause vasodilation and increase glycogenolysis in skeletal muscles
  • cAMP is the second messenger
122
Q

Beta-3 Receptors

A
  • Bind to Catecholamines (EP & NEP)
  • Located mainly in adipose tissue
  • Involved in regulation of lipolysis ( at higher concentrations)
  • Involved in regulation of thermogenesis
123
Q

GLUT-2 Transporter

A
  • High Km allows glucose to equilibrate across the membrane

- Its uptake of glucose stimulates insulin secretion from B-cells of pancreas

124
Q

GLUT-3 Transporter

A
  • Low Km allows relatively constant rate of glucose uptake, independent of blood [glucose]
  • involved in glucose uptake of the brain
125
Q

GLUT-4 Transporter

A
  • Insulin sensitive glucose transporter

HUB2019F (2 decks)

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