HUB Case 1 Flashcards
Define developmental milestones
Developmental milestone is the skills gained by the child/infant by a particular age which indicates their level/stage of development.
List domains developmental milestones are measured in
- Vision and adaptive
- Hearing and Communication
- Motor development (gross and fine)
List three cell junctions and functions of each
- Tight junctions: Forms a band around the cell, blocks the passage of molecules between adjacent cells
- Adhering junctions: Linking cytoskeletons of adjacent cells, structural support for entire epithelium
- Gap (communicating) junctions: Allows passage of small molecules between cells
List functions of covering epithelia
- Protection against mechanical damage & bacterial infection (stratified epithelium)
- Prevents loss of and uptake of water
- Absorption
- Active transfer: endothelium of capillaries
- Removal of particles: cilia in trachea (specialized epithelium)
List factors controlled by homeostasis in the human body
- Concentration of nutrients
- Concentration of O2 and CO2
- Concentration of waste products
- pH
- Concentration of water, salt and other electrolytes
- Volume and pressure
- Temperature
Outline the different types (structure and function) of neurons
- Sensory neuron: afferent (mostly outside CNS)
- Motor neuron: efferent (cell body inside CNS, axon outside)
- Interneuron: integrate afferent and efferent signals into reflex circuits, inside CNS
- Unipolar: sensory neurons, single process divides close to the cell body into two main branches (axon and dendrite)
- Bipolar: Rare, spindle-shaped, dendrite at one end and axon at the other (in retina)
- Multipolar: common, numerous cell processes (axon and many dendrites) → spinal cord, interneurons, spinal nerve motor neurons
Outline three theories of language development
- Children are taught language: Parents named objects and use baby talk to stimulate the development of language in children.
- Children teach themselves: Children derived the rules of grammar and learn words from their environment and listening to others speak.
- Social impulses foster infant language: Humans communicate naturally in every way they can, as we are naturally social beings.
Explain the two types of feedback control and their differences
- Negative feedback: Output shuts off the original stimulus; causes variable to change in a direction opposite to the initial change; controls processes that require narrow adjustments.
- Positive feedback: Response enhances the original stimulus; change proceeds in the same direction as the original disturbance; controls infrequent events that don’t require continuous adjustments.
What are the four characteristics necessary for infant development?
*Adequate attention given to each infant
*Encouragement to speak and develop motor skills
*Health and safety attention in daycare
*Well-trained and professional caregivers
What is the role of Vitamin A in the body?
- Bone growth
- Vision
- Immunity
- Reproduction
- Embryogenesis
- Cell differentiation
What is the role of Iron in the body?
- Required for production of Hb, red blood cells
- Transfer of oxygen from lungs to tissues
- Electron and enzyme transport
- Growth in children – huge demands on Fe
What is the significance of carbohydrates in a child’s diet?
NB as a source of energy for the brain; food consumed must be sufficient in energy to ensure growth and spare protein.
Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane
Plasma membrane is a selective barrier that regulates the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell.
List different types of epithelial tissue, their location and function
- Simple squamous: alveoli of lungs, diffusion
- Stratified squamous: skin, protection
- Cuboidal: glands, secretion
- Columnar: digestive tract, absorption
Outline the general properties of epithelial tissue
- Cellularity
- Polarity
- Attachment to a basement membrane
- Avascularity
- Regeneration
List the general properties of connective tissue
- Common origin (mesenchyme)
- Varying degrees of vascularity
- Extracellular matrix
Describe Endocrine vs Exocrine glands and give examples
- Endocrine: secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid gland).
- Exocrine: secrete products into ducts (e.g., sweat glands).
Outline the functions and cell components of connective tissue
- Functions: support, binding, protection, insulation, transportation
- Components: cells, fibers, ground substance
Outline the three mechanisms of secretion
- Merocrine: secretion of products via exocytosis
- Apocrine: secretion involves loss of apical cytoplasm
- Holocrine: entire cell disintegrates to release its secretion
Outline the types of connective tissue proper
- Loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, reticular
- Dense connective tissue: regular, irregular, elastic
Outline the structure and function of components of extracellular matrix
- Composed of ground substance and fibers; provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
Outline the characteristics of smooth muscle
- Non-striated, involuntary, single nucleus, spindle-shaped cells.
Outline the types of specialized connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
Outline the function of Neuroglia cells and list the types in the CNS and PNS
Neuroglia cells support neurons. Types: * PNS: Schwann cells, Satellite cells; * CNS: Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Astrocytes.
Outline the characteristics of cardiac muscle
- Striated, involuntary, branched cells, intercalated discs.
Outline the digestive, respiratory, urinary, skeletal and muscular systems in homeostasis
Digestive system breaks down food; Respiratory system exchanges gases; Urinary system removes waste; Skeletal system supports and protects; Muscular system facilitates movement.
Outline the integumentary, immune, nervous, endocrine and circulatory systems in homeostasis
Integumentary system protects; Immune system defends; Nervous system detects changes; Endocrine system regulates; Circulatory system transports materials.
Explain the psychoanalytic theory of gender identity formation
The psychoanalytic theory suggests that gender identity is formed through the dynamics of family relationships, particularly between the child and their parents.
Explain the difference between sex and gender
Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to the roles, behaviors, and identities that society attributes to individuals.
Explain the Cognitive and Sociocultural theories of gender identity formation
Cognitive theory posits that children actively construct their understanding of gender, while Sociocultural theory emphasizes the influence of cultural norms and social interactions.
Explain the behaviorism theory of gender identity formation
Behaviorism posits that gender identity is shaped through reinforcement and modeling based on societal expectations and behaviors.
What is the main function of the digestive system?
Exchange and breakdown of food between external & internal environment
What role does the respiratory system play in homeostasis?
Adjusts the rate of removal of acidic CO2 to contribute to homeostatic balance of pH
What does the urinary system eliminate from the plasma?
Excess water, salt, acid and other electrolytes along with waste products other than CO2
What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?
Provides support and protection; storage reservoir for calcium; produces all types of blood cells
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
Allows person to move toward food or away from harm; generates heat for temperature regulation
Define sex in the context of human biology.
Different physical characteristics of being male or female
What does gender refer to?
Psychological/societal/cultural aspects of being male or female
What is the Oedipus complex?
Boys become jealous of their fathers and secretly want to replace them due to sexual feelings toward their mothers
What is identification as a defense mechanism?
Allows a person to ally themselves with another by symbolically taking on that person’s behavior and attitudes
What is the Electra complex?
Girls desire to eliminate their mothers and be intimate with their fathers
How is gender identity formed?
By differential reinforcement and observational learning
List the types of play in child development.
*Solitary play
*Onlooker play
*Parallel play
*Associative play
*Cooperative play
What is the importance of sociodramatic play?
Contributes to comprehension of reading and writing, develops language and vocabulary, critical thinking, and social competence
How does socioeconomic status (SES) influence parenting styles?
*Higher SES promotes democratic and child-centered styles
*Lower SES tends to be controlling and punitive
What is the outer membrane of a cell?
Separates cell from surroundings and regulates the flow of substances
What are cilia?
Tiny, hair-like motile structures that move fluid, mucus, or cells over their surface
What is the function of microvilli?
Increase the surface area of the cell membrane for faster diffusion
What is the function of flagella?
Propels sperm through its environment
Describe simple epithelium.
Consists of single layers of cells, including squamous, cuboidal, and columnar types
What are exocrine glands?
Glands that remain connected to the epithelium surface by excretory ducts
What defines endocrine glands?
Lack excretory ducts and secrete hormones into blood circulation
What are the three types of glandular secretion mechanisms?
*Merocrine
*Apocrine
*Holocrine
What are fibroblasts?
Most abundant cells in connective tissue that produce collagen, elastin, and ground substance
What is the function of macrophages?
Have phagocytic properties and patrol for pathogens
What is the role of mast cells?
Involved in inflammatory responses and produce heparin and histamine
What is the purpose of collagenous fibers?
Provide tensile strength and support
How does loose connective tissue differ from dense connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue has more cells and fewer fibers; dense connective tissue has many fibers and fewer cells
