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Biology > Hua Evolution Test Stuff > Flashcards

Hua Evolution Test Stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

adaptation

A

a heritable trait or behavior in an organism that aids in its survival in its present environment

From openstax

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2
Q

adaptive radiation

A

a speciation when one species radiates out to form several other species

From openstax

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3
Q

allopatric speciation

A

a speciation that occurs via a geographic separation

From openstax

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4
Q

analogous structure

A

a structure that is similar because of evolution in response to similar selection pressures resulting in convergent evolution, not similar because of descent from a common ancestor

From openstax

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5
Q

bottleneck effect

A

the magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes

From openstax

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6
Q

convergent evolution

A

an evolution that results in similar forms on different species

From openstax

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7
Q

dispersal

A

an allopatric speciation that occurs when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area

From openstax

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8
Q

divergent evolution

A

an evolution that results in different forms in two species with a common ancestor

From openstax

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9
Q

founder effect

A

a magnification of genetic drift in a small population that migrates away from a large parent population carrying with it an unrepresentative set of alleles

From openstax

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10
Q

gene flow

A

the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes

From openstax

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11
Q

gene pool

A

all of the alleles carried by all of the individuals in the population

From openstax

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12
Q

genetic drift

A

the effect of chance on a population’s gene pool

some individuals might have more offspring for example

From openstax

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13
Q

homologous structure

A

a structure that is similar because of descent from a common ancestor

From openstax

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13
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

a phrase that describes the mechanism of evolution proposed by Lamarck in which traits acquired by individuals through use or disuse could be passed on to their offspring thus leading to evolutionary change in the population

From openstax

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14
Q

macroevolution

A

a broader scale of evolutionary changes seen over paleontological time

From openstax

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15
Q
A
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15
Q

microevolution

A

the changes in an individual’s genetic structure (i.e., allele frequency)

From openstax

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16
Q

population genetics

A

the study of how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time

From openstax

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16
Q

migration

A

the movement of individuals of a population to a new location; in population genetics it refers to the movement of individuals and their alleles from one population to another, potentially changing allele frequencies in both the old and the new population

From openstax

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16
Q

What is the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory?

A

change in gene pools is caused by natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift

Change in gene pools affects populations and therefore is evolution

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17
Q

speciation

A

a formation of a new species

From openstax

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17
Q

natural selection

A

the greater relative survival and reproduction of individuals in a population that have favorable heritable traits, leading to evolutionary change

From openstax

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17
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle

A

absence of evolutionary forces allele frequencies will not change

things won’t evolve if nothing forces them to

From openstax

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17
Q

vestigial structure

A

a physical structure present in an organism but that has no apparent function and appears to be from a functional structure in a distant ancestor

From openstax

17
Q

sympatric speciation

A

a speciation that occurs in the same geographic space

From openstax

17
Q

variation

A

the variety of alleles in a population

From openstax

17
Q

How did modern synthesis of evolutionary theory develope?

This is about evolution theory. Think of evolution scientist.

A

reconciliation of Darwin’s, Wallace’s, and Mendel’s thoughts on evolution and heredity.

Wallace co-discovered evolution w/ Darwin. Mendel did inheritence.

From openstax

17
Q

From what conditions does evolution by natural selection arise?

A

conditions: individuals within a species vary, some of those variations are heritable, and organisms have more offspring than resources can support.

advantageous variations are more likely to survive and reproduce

From openstax

17
Q

vicariance

A

an allopatric speciation that occurs when something in the environment separates organisms of the same species into separate groups

From openstax

18
Q

What concept did Darwin and Wallace independently discover?

  1. Mutation
  2. Natural selection
  3. Overbreeding
  4. Sexual reproduction
A

2

From HW

18
Q

Which of the following will lead to natural selection?

  1. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other
  2. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other
  3. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner
  4. All of the above
A

4

From HW

18
Q

What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution?

  1. Microevolution describes the evolution of small organisms, such as insects, while macroevolution describes the evolution of large organisms, like people and elephants.
  2. Microevolution describes the evolution of microscopic entities, such as molecules and proteins, while macroevolution describes the evolution of whole organisms.
  3. Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.
  4. Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms over their lifetimes, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms over multiple generations.
A

4

From HW

18
Q

Population genetics is the study of ________.

  1. how allele frequencies in a population change over time
  2. populations of cells in an individual
  3. the rate of population growth
  4. how genes affect embryological development
A

1

From HW

18
Q

Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which mechanism?

A

gene flow

From HW

18
Q

Which pairs introduce new genetic variation into a population?

  1. natural selection and genetic drift
  2. mutation and gene flow
  3. natural selection and gene flow
  4. gene flow and genetic drift

Both have to introduce it

A

2

From HW

19
Q

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.

  1. vestigial structures
  2. molecular structures
  3. homologous structures
  4. analogous structures
A

3

From HW

19
Q

DNA sequences being similar in closely related organisms is evidence of

  1. optimal design in organisms
  2. adaptation
  3. mutation
  4. descent with modification
A

4

From HW

20
Q

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

  1. A flood causes the formation of a new lake.
  2. A storm causes several large trees to fall down.
  3. A mutation causes a new trait to develop.
  4. An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source.
A

1

From HW

21
Q

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?

  1. One leads to allopatric speciation, whereas the other leads to sympatric speciation.
  2. One involves the movement of the organism, whereas the other involves a change in the
    environment.
  3. One depends on a genetic mutation occurring, whereas the other does not.
  4. One involves closely related organisms, whereas the other involves only individuals of the
    same species.
A

2

From HW

21
Q

Which variable increases the speed of allopatric speciation?

  1. lower rate of mutation
  2. longer distance between divided groups
  3. increased instances of hybrid formation
  4. equivalent numbers of individuals in each population

It’s just the likelihood, it doesn’t have to guarantee being faster.

A

2

From HW

22
Q

The word “theory” in theory of evolution is best replaced by ________.

  1. fact
  2. hypothesis
  3. idea
  4. alternate explanation
A

1

From HW

23
Q

Why are alternative scientific theories to evolution not taught?

  1. more theories would confuse students
  2. there are no viable scientific alternatives
  3. it is against the law
  4. alternative scientific theories are suppressed by the science establishment

specifically in public schools

A

2

From HW

24
Q

Why would blocking gene flow lead to the developement of new species?

A

It would lead to allopatric speciation

From CW

24
Q

What conditions are needed of an equilibrium population?

A

No genes are mutated, or exchanged in species, and random mating.

From CW

24
Q

Which of the following is not part of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  1. Mutations do not occur.
  2. Population is large with no genetic drift.
  3. Mating is random
  4. Natural selection occurs.
A

4

From Kahoot

24
Q

Eliminates individuals that have extreme or unusual traits.

  1. Disruptive
  2. Stabilizing
  3. Directional
  4. Sexual
A

2

From Kahoot

25
Q

Favors traits that are one extreme of a range of traits.

  1. Disruptive
  2. Stabilizing
  3. Directional
  4. Sexual
A

3

From Kahoot

25
Q

Weeds in the wild are tall, while weeds in yards are small

  1. Disruptive
  2. Stabilizing
  3. Directional
  4. Sexual
A

1

From Kahoot

26
Q

Traits that increase a male’s ability to mate.

  1. Disruptive
  2. Stabilizing
  3. Directional
  4. Sexual
A

4

Includes male competition and female choice.

From Kahoot

26
Q

Which of the following generates adaptations?

  1. genetic drift
  2. mutations
  3. sexual reproduction
  4. natural selection
A

2

From Kahoot

27
Q

The appearance of a new mutation is

  1. a random event
  2. the result of natural selection
  3. the result of sexual reproduction
  4. usually a good thing
A

1

From Kahoot

27
Q

Due to predation, the size and variance of whale population is declining

  1. this is a bottleneck effect
  2. definitely adaptive radiation
  3. totes directional selection
  4. sexy sexual reproduction is causing this

Specifically human predation and genetic variance.

A

1

From Kahoot

28
Q

Species evolve because they have to adapt to survive.

  1. True
  2. False
A

2

From Kahoot

28
Q

Offspring possess new combinations of alleles every generation.

  1. this is the bottleneck effect!
  2. due to crossing over & independent assortment
  3. directional selection for the win
  4. ADAPTIVE RADIATION BOOM
A

2

From Kahoot

28
Q

All of the following are homologous structures EXCEPT

  1. a bird wing
  2. a butterfly wing
  3. a human arm
  4. a penguin flipper
A

2

From Kahoot

29
Q

Which of the following is not a pre-zygotic form of isolation:

  1. hybrid sterility
  2. behavioral isolation
  3. habitat isolation
  4. mechanical isolation
A

1

From Kahoot

30
Q

Sharks, porpoises, and penguins have torpedo shaped bodies.

Divergent or convergent?

A

Convergent

From Kahoot

31
Q

The eyes of squids and horses are similar in size

Divergent or convergent

A

Convergent

32
Q

An ancestral elephant gave way to the African and Indian ones.

Divergent or convergent

A

Divergent

Biology (3 decks)

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