HST 114 Exam 1

Question 1

The long struggle (ending in 1492) during which Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from Muslin occupiers, who first invaded in the eighth century.

Answer 1

Reconquista

Question 2

Martin Luther’s challenge to the Catholic Church, initiated in 1517, calling for a return to what he understood to be the purer practices and beliefs of the early church.

Answer 2

Reformation

Question 3

The transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americas.

Answer 3

Columbian Exchange

Question 4

French for “woods runner,” an independent fur trader in New France.

Answer 4

Coureur De Bois

Question 5

Instituted by the Virginia Company in 1616, this system gave 50 acres to anyone who paid his own way to Virginia and an additional 50 for each person (pr “head”) he brought with him.

Answer 5

Headright System

Question 6

Member of an offshoot branch of Puritanism. They believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were convinced that they must “separate” from it to save their souls. They helped find Plymouth Colony.

Answer 6

Separatist

Question 7

Settlers of Plymouth Colony, who viewed themselves as spiritual wanderers.

Answer 7

Pilgrims

Question 8

Members of the Society of Friends, a radical religious group that arose in the mid-seventeenth century. They rejected formal theology and an educated ministry, focusing instead on the importance of the “Inner Light,” or Holy Spirit that dwelt within them. They were important int he founding of Pennsylvania.

Answer 8

Quakers

Question 9

In the Spanish colonies, the grant to a Spanish settler of a certain number of Indian subjects, who would pay him tribute in goods and labor.

Answer 9

Encomienda

Question 10

In the Spanish colonies, the assignment of Indian workers to labor on public works projects.

Answer 10

Repartimiento

Question 11

Violent conflict in Virginia (1675-1676), beginning with settler attacks on Indians but culminating in a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia’s government.

Answer 11

Bacon’s Rebellion

Question 12

Uprising in 1739 of South Carolina slaves against whites; inspired in part by Spanish officials’ promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to Florida.

Answer 12

Stono Rebellion

Question 13

Similar to indentured servants, expect that they signed labor contracts in America rather than in Europe, as indentured servants did. Shipmasters sold them into servitude to recoup the cost of their passage if they could not pay the fare upon their arrival.

Answer 13

Redemptioner

Question 14

Economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth. They advocated possession of colonies as places where the mother country could acquire raw materials not available at home.

Answer 14

Mercantilism

Question 15

Plan adopted in 1662 by New England clergy to deal with the problem of declining church membership. It allowed adults who had been baptized because their parents were church members but who had not yet experienced conversion to have their own children baptized. Without this, these third-generation children would remain unbaptized until their parents experienced conversion.

Answer 15

Halfway Covenant

Question 16

People who experienced conversion during the revivals of the Great Awakening.

Answer 16

New Lights

Question 17

James II’s failed plan of 1686 to combine eight northern colonies into a single large province to be governed by a royal appointee (Sir Edmund Andros) with an appointed council but no elective assembly. The plan ended with James’s ouster from the English throne and rebellion in Massachusetts against Andros’s rule.

Answer 17

Dominion of New England

Question 18

The practice whereby elected representatives normally reside in their districts and are directly responsive to local interests.

Answer 18

Actual Representation

Question 19

The notion, current in eighteenth-century England, that parliamentary members represented the interests of the nation as a whole, not those of the particular district that elected them.

Answer 19

Virtual Representation

Question 20

Plan put forward in 1754 by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley, Benjamin Franklin, and other colonial leaders, calling for an intercolonial union to manage defense and Indian affairs. The plan was rejected by participants at the Albany Congress.

Answer 20

Albany Plan of Union

Question 21

Indian uprising (1763-1766) led by Pontiac of the Ottawas and Neolin of the Delawares. Fearful of their fate at the hands of the British after the French had been driven out of North America, the Indian nations of the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes area united to oust the British from the Ohio-Mississippi Valley. They failed and were forced to make peace in 1766.

Answer 21

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Question 22

Secret organizations in the colonies formed to oppose the Stamp Act. From 1765 until independence, they spoke, wrote, and demonstrated against British measures. Their actions often intimidated stamp distributors and British supporters in the colonies.

Answer 22

Sons of Liberty

Question 23

Law passed in 1766 to accompany repeal of the Stamp Act that stated that Parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” Whether “legislate” meant tax was not clear to Americans.

Answer 23

Declaratory act

Question 24

Act of Parliament that permitted the East India Company to sell tea through agents in America without paying the duty customarily collect in Britain, thus reducing the retail price. Americans, who saw the act as an attempt to induce them to pay the Townshed duty still imposed in the colonies, resisted this act through the Boston Tea Party and other measures.

Answer 24

Tea Act of 1773

Question 25

Incident that occurred on December 16, 1773, in which Bostonians, disguised as Indians, destroyed 9,000 British Pounds, worth of tea belonging to the British East India Company in order to prevent payment of the duty on it.

Answer 25

Boston Tea Party

Question 26

Any of extralegal committees that directed the Revolutionary movement and carried on the functions of government at the local level in the period between the breakdown of royal authority and the establishment of regular governments under the new state constitutions. Some continued to function throughout the Revolutionary War.

Answer 26

Committee of Safety

Question 27

The belief that government is established by human beings to protect certain rights — such as life, liberty, and property — that are theirs by natural, divinely sanctioned law and that when government protects these rights, people are obligated to obey it. But when government violates its part of the bargain (or contract) between the rulers and the ruled, the people are no longer required to obey it and may establish a new government that will do a better job of protecting them. Elements of this theory date back to the ancient Greeks; John Locke used it in his Second Treatise on Government (1682), and Thomas Jefferson gave it memorable expression in the Declaration of Independence, where it provides the rationale for renouncing allegiance to King George III.

Answer 27

Contract theory of government

Question 28

Legislation passed by congress under the articles of confederation that prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territories and provided the model for the incorporation of future territories in the union of coequal states.

Answer 28

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Question 29

Conference of state delegates at Annapolis, Maryland, that issued a call in September for a convention to meet at Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider fundamental changes to the Articles of Confederation.

Answer 29

Annapolis Convention

Question 30

Proposal of the Virginia delegation at the 1787 Constitutional Convention calling for a national legislature in which the states would be represented according to population. The national legislature would have the explicit power to veto or overrule laws passed by state legislatures.

Answer 30

Virginia Plan

Question 31

Proposal of the New Jersey delegation for a strengthened national government in which all states would have an equal representation in a unicameral legislature.

Answer 31

New Jersey Plan

Question 32

The sharing of powers between the national government and the states.

Answer 32

Federalism

Question 33

An opponent of the Constitution in the debate over its ratification.

Answer 33

Antifederalist

Question 34

Law passed by Parliament in 1774 that provided an appointed government for Canada, enlarged the boundaries of Quebec southward to the Ohio River, and confirmed the privileges of the Catholic Church. Alarmed Americans termed this act and the Coercive Acts the Intolerable Acts.

Answer 34

Quebec Act

Question 35

Treaty of 1795 in which Native Americans in the Old Northwest were forced to cede most of the present state of Ohio to the United States.

Answer 35

Treaty of Greenville

Question 36

Armed uprising in 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania who attempted to prevent the collection of the excise tax on whiskey.

Answer 36

Whiskey Rebellion

Question 37

Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 in which the united states made major concessions to avert a war over the British seizure of American ships.

Answer 37

Jay’s Treaty

Question 38

Favoring the rights of individual states over rights claimed by the national government.

Answer 38

States’ rights

Question 39

A constitutional doctrine holding that a state has a legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders.

Answer 39

Nullification

Question 40

Religious orientation that rejects divine revelation and holds that the workings of nature alone reveal God’s design for the universe.

Answer 40

Deism