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HSF 2 To Remember > HSF II Histology Erythrocytes > Flashcards

HSF II Histology Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the formed elements of blood?

A

Buffy coat and cells (erythrocytes)

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2
Q

What is in the buffy coat?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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3
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes (Platelets)

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4
Q

What is the purpose of a blood smear?

A

It gives you the chance to count cell types and check abnormal morphology

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5
Q

What is in plasma?

A

Water, Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins, Electrolytes

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6
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without protein

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7
Q

The plasma proteins are…

A

Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins, Regulatory proteins

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8
Q

What is one important protein to consider that is not in plasma?

A

Spectrin, found in the cytoskeleton of RBCs

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9
Q

Tell me an important function of albumin

A

It maintains oncotic pressure of the blood (making sure that fluid doesn’t leak into tissues from capillaries)

There is a higher concentration of albumin inside than in ECF

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10
Q

Deficiencies or variations in albumin concentrations can be indicative of…

A

Liver disease or kidney disease

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11
Q

The liver ______ albumin and the kidney may allow albumin to _____ into urine

A

Synthesizes; escape

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12
Q

Things that can lead to decreased albumin include…

A

Malnutrition and low-protein diets

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13
Q

Fibrinogen converts to _______ when…

A

fibrin; there is trauma to the walls of blood vessels

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14
Q

The essence of a blood clot is made of…

A

insoluble strands of fibrin

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15
Q

Globulins

A

small alpha and large beta
bind, protect, and support water-insoluble molecules

gamma is utilized for antibodies (aka immunoglobulins)

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16
Q

Spectrin

A

has alpha beta chains coiled around each other, binds to inner plasmalemma for shape/elasticity –> makes a biconcave disk of red blood cell

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17
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in fetus/infant/adult?

A

Fetus: blood islands in yolk sac
Infant: liver and lymphatic organs
Adult: vascular sinuses of bone marrow

18
Q

Difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow has way more erythroid progenies (to make more)
Yellow bone marrow has more adipose tissue so it’s not as active

are interchangeable depending on the body’s needs

19
Q

What are the two compartments of bone marrow?

A

The vascular niche (marrow stromal) and the hematopoietic compartment

20
Q

Describe what is in the vascular niche and what’s around it

A

FIbroblasts, adipose, near trabeculae bone, macrophages, blood vessels, vascular endothelial cells

Provides niches for stem cell renewal, expansion, and maintenance –> ensures that there is always room for expansion

21
Q

Describe the endosteal niche and hematopoietic cell compartment

A

These are near bone surfaces (endosteum) and form endosteal bone marrow-hematopoietic cell niche

22
Q

In the bone marrow, what do marrow endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and stromal cells all produce?

A

Hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines
These are used to influence blood cell production

23
Q

Endothelial cells form a barrier to…

A

prevent immature hematopoietic stem cells from exiting marrow and allows mature hematopoietic cells to enter blood

24
Q

What is the purpose of adipose in bone marrow?

What about macrophages?

A

It can also make growth factors and give a source of energy.

Removes apoptotic bodies and orthochromatic erythroblast residual nuclei

25
Q

Osteopontin is a glycoprotein produced by osteoblasts and…

A

shut down hematopoietic stem cell production

26
Q

Where does transendothelial migration? Describe the process.

A

Mature hematopoietic cells can move through the sinusoid walls from the niche and into capillary sinuses

Immature hematopoietic cells stay in the extravascular space through vascular endothelial cells

They migrate through tethering, rolling, arrest, and eventual transmigration

27
Q

What are some characteristics of sinusoids?

A

Sinusoids are lined by endothelial cells that are specially phagocytic and can make growth factors to further differentiate hematopoietic cells

28
Q

What are the three cell populations in the bone marrow?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells, Committed precursor cells, Maturing cells

29
Q

What are the processes by which mature blood cells develop?

A

Erythropoiesis - RBCs
Myelopoiesis - WBCs

30
Q

EPO (erythropoietin) is secreted by the

Special bc it inhibits inhibition basically and does it all indirectly. Decreases osteopontin

A

kidney and in response to hypoxia. It stimulates the proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells through decreasing inhibitors of the cell cycle and increasing cyclins + antiapoptotic proteins

31
Q

Unipotential stem cell lines are also committed precursors, known as

Myeloid and Lymphoid are multipotential

HSC is pluripotential

A

Colony Forming Units:

Basophil CFU
Eosinophil CFU
Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU
Megakaryocyte CFU
Erythrocyte CFU

32
Q

The importance of self-renewal in HSCs is that…

A

it preserves the pool of stem cells and feeds the different progenitor pathways

33
Q

What are the three major groups of hematopoietic growth factors?

A

Colony stimulating factors, erythropoietin/thrombopoietin, and cytokines (interleukins)

Made by macrophages, stromal cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes

Advance hematopoiesis

34
Q

What is the sequence of erythropoiesis?

A

Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

35
Q

An increase in hemoglobin will stain…

A

more eosinophilically

36
Q

Reticulocytosis indicates that…

A

there is accelerated erythrocyte production (blood regeneration for red bone marrow and in anemia)

37
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies are…

A

basophilic nuclear remnants that are removed by the spleen

38
Q

The megakaryoblast undergoes ______ in thrombopoiesis to give rise to…

A

Endomitosis (no karyo/cytokinesis)

megakaryoblast, megakaryocyte, proplatelet, platelet (thrombocyte)

Fragments from demarcation channels into platelets

39
Q

Thrombopoietin is produced in…

A

the liver and stimulates megakaryocyte development from the CFU

40
Q

Platelets exhibit a negative feedback loop with thrombopoietin as they…

A

degrade thrombopoietin and autoregulate its production

41
Q

Platelets and hemostasis –>

A

Platelet adheres to subendothelial matrix

Platelets aggregate by binding to fibrinogen

Platelets secrete substances for additional platelets

Platelet procoagulant activity involving thrombin

HSF 2 To Remember (3 decks)

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