HSC Term 1 (Urbanisation and Geographical Skills) Flashcards
Urbanization
The movement of people from rural to larger cities
Pull Factors
Employment, Higher standards of living, entertainment,
Medical facilities, Education
Push Factors
Landlessness, desertification, rapid population growth, rural poverty, lack of education, growth of commercial agriculture, war and civil disobedience.
Megacity
A city with more than 10 mill people
World city
A city developed in the center of global significance
Problems with large cities
High unemployment, poverty, crime and violence, overcrowded housing, inadequate infrastructure, environmental issues, corruption.
Quality of life
Happiness and standard of living.
Social Attractions
Cities offer many diverse cultures and people and cultural enrichment
Social disadvantages
Stress(Parking, house price) Crime, isolation
Population Density
How packed a region is.
Impact of urbanisation on rural areas
For developed countries: school closures, shop and service closures (because young people and young families leave). For developing countries: families split up, elderly left without support (because men aged 15-45 typically migrate).
Impact of urbanisation on the environment
- Carbon emissions: cities = 3% lands surface but 75% of CO2 emissions. People living in cities consume 5-10 time more power than those living in rural areas. 2. Urban heat island effect: cities absorb heat during the day and release it at night. 3. Water consumption: cities consume large quantities of water and produce large quantities of wastewater.
Australia’s urbanisation rate 2020
86%
Fastest growing areas of Australia today
Areas surrounding large cities and resource-rich capitals (Perth, Brisbane).
Advantages of dense urban concentrations
- Better infrastructure. 2. Better services (education, healthcare). 3. More diversity in culture, sport and entertainment. 4. Economic advantages from economies of scale. 5. More shops and competition. 6. More jobs and variety of work.
Disadvantages of dense urban concentrations
- Congestion. 2. Pollution. 3. Housing affordability. 4. A lack of a sense of community. 5. Higher levels of crime.
How many megacities are in Asia?
12
What are the causes of urbanisation in Asia?
- Globalisation (foreign investment). 2. Growth of the informal economy. 3. Increase in fertility and decline in deaths. 4. Absorption of towns into cities.
Which cities in Asia are growing the fastest?
Cities with a population of between 500,000 and 5 million.
Positive outcomes of urbanisation in Asia
- Increase in the standard of living. 2. MASSIVE decrease in poverty. 3. More diversity and social harmony.
Negative outcomes of urbanisation in Asia
- Squatter settlements (40% of Asia’s urban population lives in slums). 2. Disease (due to lack of adequate water infrastructure). 3. Funding to rural areas cut to pay for infrastructure in cities. 4. Demolition of significant cultural and social sites. 5. Forced relocation.
Urbanisation in China: Statistics.
1992 - 25%. 2015 - 55%. 2035 - f. 70%.
What are the three main metropolitan areas in China.
- Yangzi river delta. 2. Pearl river delta. 3. Beijing - Yiangin - Bohai region.
Economic outcomes of urbanisation in China
2011 - world’s second largest economy, on the way to being the world’s largest economy. Every 10m additional urban citizens = 4% increase in GDP. 1981 - 85% poverty. 2005 - 16% poverty. Poverty is also continuing to decline.
Impact of urbanisation on rural-urban workers.
Referred to as mingong. 2009 - 230m mingong. 40% have no contracts for the work they do. Often complete dangerous and low paid jobs. Average cost of an apartment is 29 times their income.
Other impacts of urbanisation in China
- Severe air pollution. 2. Stress. 3. Water shortages (1/2 of all Chinese cities experience water shortages. 4. 700m people drink water below WHO (world health organisation) standards.
What are the negative impacts of cities on the environment?
- Loss of habitat and agriculture. 2. Air pollution.
What are the positive impacts of cities on the environment?
- Efficiency. 2. Funding for environmental projects.
What is the US population in 2022?
335 million.
What proportion of the US population lives on the coast?
2/3
What proportion of the US is made up of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains states?
50%
What proportion of the US population resides in the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains states?
34%
Population density in the US?
34 people / sq km
Population density in Australia?
2.9 people / sq km
What percent of the USA is urbanized
82%
What percent of the US population lives inner city
30%
Average gradient
Run
Aspect
The direction of the slope the faces
Local relief
The difference in height between highest and lowest point in an area
Types of Agriculture
Traditional, Extensive, Commercial, Intensive
Traditional Agriculture
Whens its been handed down for generations
Commercial Agriculture
Farming for a profit - can produce large amount of non food products
Intensive Agriculture
Involves farming a small area with labour or capital
Extensive Agriculture
involves farming a large area with limited labour
Different types of population pyramid
high fluctuating, early expanding, late expanding, low fluctuating, and natural decrease.
