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HSC - Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Life

A

An adaptable self-replicating, energy-dependant system

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2
Q

A-sexual

A

Produces identical offspring

  • Vegetation propagation
  • Spores
  • Budding
  • Binary Regeneration
  • Fragmentation regeneration
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3
Q

Sexual (gambetes)

A

Involves combining genetic material from two parents

External (aquatic)

  • Large number of offspring
  • high mortality
  • Low investment (energy)
  • Random combination of gametes

Internal (terrestrial)

  • Small number of offspring
  • Low mortality
  • High investment
  • Selection of best gamete combination (courtship)
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4
Q

Hormone reproduction in Humans

A 
Oestrogen = Causes eggs to mature in ovaries once a girl hits puberty
Testosterone = Stimulates sperm production in males
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5
Q

Hormones

A

Follicle Stiimulating hormone (FSH)
- Causing maturation of an egg in the ovary

Progesterone
- Involved in maintaining the uterus linings

Luteinising hormone
- Stimulates the release of the egg

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6
Q

Binary Fission

A

A-sexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies
- A organism duplicates its genetic material or DNA, and then divides into two parts with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA

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7
Q

Eukaryotic Binary Fission

A

Occurs when a single protist divides its nucleus and then separates into two seperate organisms

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8
Q

Prokaryote binary fission

A

The DNA molecule replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane. When the cell pulls apart, they replicate and original

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9
Q

Fragmentation

A

When an organism splits into fragments, and each fragment grows into individual organisms which are clone of the original

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10
Q

Budding

A

A form of a-sexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism. In some species buds may be produced from almost any point of the body, but in many cases budding is restricted to specialised areas

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11
Q

Gametes

A

An organism’s reproductive cells

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12
Q

Zygote

A

The union of the sperm cell and the egg cell. Begins as a single cell but divides rapidly in the days following fertilisation

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13
Q

Eutherians

A

One of two mammalian with extent members the diverged in early cretaceous or perhaps the late Jurassic. Give birth to well developed young

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14
Q

Deoxyribic Nucleic Acid (DNA)

A

A macro molecule made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorous combined into units called nucleotides

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15
Q

The DNA Story

A

Darwin - Theory of evolution but no mechanism

Boveri + Sutton - Darwin’s mechanism might be visible structures in cells that can be seen using chemicals

Crick + Watson - Nobel prize for describing the DNA molecule

  • chemical analysis of DNA
  • used x-ray crystallography images taken by Rosalind Franklin without her knowledge
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16
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division for growth/repair
Produces 2 identical daughter cells

  • To form a new individual all cells perform mitosis byt when differentiation into tissue types si complete most cells stop doing mitosis
  • Epithetical cells continue to divide (skin, digestive track…)
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17
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome.

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18
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Deliberate introduction of sperm into a females cervix for the purpose of achieving pregnancy without sexual intercourse

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19
Q

Sources of variation

A

1) Crossing over of homologous pairs
2) Random assortment of homologous pairs
3) Random recombination of gametes
4) Mutation - (copying errors, mutations

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20
Q

Clone

A

A genetically identical copy of a biological entity

  • Scientist take a somatic cell from animal they wish to replicate
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (removal of nucleus from egg. create inoculated egg)
  • Fusion of DNA into gamete (through electrical fusion or injections)
  • The egg develops before being implanted into womb
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21
Q

Polypeptide/protein synthesis

A
  • Unzipping: Enzyme RNA polymerase opens up the DNA
  • Transcription: DNA is transcribed to become RNA (uracil replace thymine). Makes an mRNA strand
  • Translation: mRNA moves to a ribosome and molecules of tRNA bring amino acids to the ribosome in the correct sequence. (Codon holds the three together)
  • Polypeptide Synthesis: Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chain
  • Fold for protein assembly

Groups of 3 mRNA bases are called Codons
Groups of 3 tRNA bases are called Anti-Codons

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22
Q

Inheritance

A

Transfer of DNA from one generation to another

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23
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

- in most cases genes have two alleles however there can be multiple alleles (blood types)

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24
Q

Dominant allele

A

always expressed

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25
Q

recessive allele

A

only expressed if there are no dominant alleles

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26
Q

Heterozygous

A

Has 2 different alleles for a particular gene

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27
Q

Homozygous (dominant/recessive)

A

has 2 identical alleles for a particular gene

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28
Q

Chromosomes

A

A DNA molecule made from protein and deoxyribonucleic acid, humans have 23 pairs
Y = male X = Female

Types of chromosomes:

1) Sex chromosomes = code for sexual characteristics (breasts, adam apple) - humans have 2 chromosomes (XX = female, YX = Male) *these are haploud
2) Autosome = Don’t code for sexual characteristics (eye colour) - humans have 22 pairs *these are diploid

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29
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

Patterns in expression of characteristics which are found on autosomes

  • Dominant / recessive
  • Co-dominant = both alleles are expressed in genotype (both expressed)
  • Incomplete = The dominant allele is only partly expressed (mixed)
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30
Q

Pedigrees

A

Shows how traits are passed on over many generations
circle = female
Square = male
filled in = carrying the trait

*if almost all the affected individuals are males its probably sex linked and if even than autosomal

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31
Q

Phenotypic, genotypic and allele frequency

A

Phenotype = An organism’s physical expression of a particular characteristic
The expression of trait

Genotype = An organism’s genetic makeup for a particular characteristic.
The alleles for a trait

Allele = The relative proportion of a particular allele in a population
Total number of alleles in the population / Number of an allele in a population

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32
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent that causes mutation

1) Electromagnetic Radiation
- High energy EM radiation causes atoms to vibrate and lose electrons. Breaks bonds
2) Chemical
- Incorporate themselves into DNA
- Insert themselves into DNA
- Make gaps in DNA
3) Biological
- Mutagenic chemicals which come from microbes, plants and animals

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33
Q

Cancer

A

Cells replicate incorrectly

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34
Q

Radiation

A

Electro-magnetic radiation (EMR)

  • Spectrum
  • Radiowaves (gamma -> radiation)
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35
Q

Chemical

A

Compounds that interfere with DNA (replaces part of it)

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36
Q

Biological

A

Natural compounds that can cause damage

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37
Q

Point Mutations

A

One nucleotide is changed
Occur due to errors in DNA replication (sometimes mutagens

1) Insertion = extra nucleotide added
Every codon after the mutation is effected. (frameshift point mutations) large effect

2) Deletion = nucleotide not included
Every codon after the mutation is effected. (frameshift point mutations) large effect

3) Substitution = wrong nucleotide added
Mis-sense = substitution of one nucleotide so the codon codes for a different amino acid
Non-sense = substitution of one codon so that the codon is a stop codon
Silent = substitution of one nucleotide, so the codon codes for the same amino acid

*sickle cell anaemia is an example

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38
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

A change in the arrangement or structure of a chromosome
- They occur due to errors in cell division -> often when crossing over in meiosis

1) Deletion = A section breaks off and is lost
2) Inversion = A section breaks off, flips around and reattaches
3) Translocation = A section breaks off and sticks to a different chromosome.
4) Duplication = A section is accidentally copied more than once

5) Non-disjunction = Chromosome don’t seperate properly
* if breakage occurs in the middle of a gene, the gene will be destroyed

  • Down syndrome (trisomy 21) = genetic disorder where people have 3 copies of chromosome 21
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39
Q

Germ cell

A

Any cell which can divide (meiosis) to form sex cells

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40
Q

Germ-line mutations

A 
A change in the DNA of a germ cell
parent -> offspring
- all of the offsprings cells will have the mutation
*parent is unaffected
(down syndrome)
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41
Q

Somatic cell

A

Any cell which forms the body tissue of the organism (mitosis)

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42
Q

Somatic mutation

A

A change in the DNA of a somatic cell
- will only affect daughter cells and offspring is unaffected
(lung cancer)

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43
Q

Coding DNA

A

DNA which codes for the amino acid sequence of a protein
EFFECT
- Vary depending on type of mutation and what cell its in
(Sickle cell anaemia)

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44
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

DNA which doesn’t code for proteins
EFFECT
- Makes functional RNA: change in efficiency of protein synthesis
- Regulatory sequences: change in amount of protein produced
- Repetitive sequences: none
(lung cancer

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45
Q

Gene pool

A

Total collection of alleles for all genes in a population

  • Retain the genetic information of the population
  • Used to compare populations
  • Are dynamic
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46
Q

Changes in Gene pools

A

1) Gene flow = movement of alleles between populations, and can cause changes in allele frequency
2) Genetic drift = random events occurring within the population, can lead to changes in allele frequency
3) Mutation = change in an organism’s DNA and acts as a source of new alleles
4) Selection pressures = external factors which affect an organism’s ability to survive
- positive selection pressure: increase allele frequency
- visa versa

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47
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of biological systems, processes and organisms in the creation of new products and technologies.

1) industrial biotechnology
2) Agriculture biotechnology
3) Reproductive technology

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48
Q

Uses of Biotechnology

A

Past

  • Selective breeding in agriculture
  • Fermentation
  • Traditional medicine

Present

  • Polymerase chain reaction
  • DNA sequencing
  • DNA profiling
  • Cloning
  • Transgenic organisms
49
Q

Polymerase chain reaction

A

A technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA

  • short DNA sequences (primers) used to select the portion of genome to be amplified
  • Temp raised and lowered to help DNA replication enzyme copy target DNA sequence
50
Q

Transgenic organism

A

A species that has been ‘created’ by inserting a foreign gene into a distinct species

  • Golden rice
    1) Beta Carotene gene extracted from wheat by cutting the DNA by restriction enzyme
    2) Plasmid removed from bacterium and cut by restriction enzyme
    3) Foreign DNA inserted into plasmid. Complementary base pairs join them (sticky ends)
    4) Plasmid reinserted into bacterium
    5) Bacterium used to insert T-DNA into the chromosome of plant cell
    6) plant cells grown in culture. copy the recombinant DNA
    7) plant generated from cell clone carrying the trait
51
Q

DNA profiling

A

Used to sort DNA strands according to length

  • Extract DNA
  • Lysis/break open cell to reach DNA
  • polymerase chain reaction for amplification
  • gel electrophoresis for sorting into lengths
52
Q

DNA sequencing

A

Used to determine the exact series of nucleotides

  • identical to profiling
  • genome analyser reads the terminator base
53
Q

CRISPR

A

Clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeats describe the anomaly observed in some bacterial DNA.
- restriction enzyme that was guided by a strip of RNA that can be used to make a ‘cut’ in DNA

Can be used to cause mutations or replace with healthy genes

54
Q

Bio-ethics

A

The study and investigation of how decisions in medicine and science affect society and the environment

1) Benefit and non-harm
2) individual rights and autonomy
3) Privacy and societal perception
4) Equity and justice

55
Q

Health

A

a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absense of disease of infinity

56
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing organism

  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Prions
  • Parasites
57
Q

Bacteria

A

Single celled prokaryotic organisms

  • cell wall - non membrane bound nucleus with pilus
  • eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea
  • reproduce a-sexually through binary fission

TYPES

1) coccus
2) strepto-coccus
3) bacillus
4) spirala

Tuberculosis = effects the lungs

58
Q

Viruses

A

Non-living and non-cellular
- nucleic acid and protein

Spanish Flu = influenza A virus

59
Q

Protists

A

eukaryotic, single-celled pathogens

Malaria caused by a paramecium parasite

60
Q

Macro-parasites

A

eucaryotes, multi-cellular, many forms, various severity

Tape worm

61
Q

Fungi beh

A

Eukaryotic, single/multi cellular, reproduce via spores

- minor pathogens in animals (except frogs) but major in plants

62
Q

Prions

A

Protein molecules that is incorrectly formed and damages healthy protein by pulling them apart

  • naturally occurring and can be transferred to humans
  • only one disease caused by this

Mad cow disease -> CID (humans)

63
Q

Defences - first line

A

1) FIRST LINE = Barriers to infection
Physical:
- Skin and it microflora prevents exposure to environment
- Cilia (micro - hairs) trap particles in air

Chemical:

  • Stomach acid destroys most organisms
  • tears contain anti-biotic compounds
  • mucous traps and expels particles

Microbiological:

  • microflora
  • produce antimicrobial chemicals to prevent growth of others
64
Q

Defenses - second line

A

SECOND LINE - innate immune system
*innate within humans and non-specific
Phagocytosis:
- The process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign or unwanted materials

Natural killer cells

  • defence against virus-infected and cancerous cells
  • release cytotoxic chemicals in close proximity

Inflammation:

  • The accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins and white blood cells that occur when tissue is damaged or infected
  • confine, destroy and remove pathogen

The complement system

  • proteins which float around in blood
  • punch holes in cell membrane or wall of pathogen, promote inflammation, opsonisation (proteins flag for antigen removal)
65
Q

Defences - third line

A

THIRD LINE - Adaptive immune system

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
B Lymphocytes:
- White blood cell produced in bone marrow
- produced bone marrow, released into blood, accumulate in lymphoid tissues
- when in contact with specific antigen it activates and forms millions clone plasma cells

Types

1) Plasma cells:
- Produces antibodies
- proteins which bind to specific antigens
- interfere with function of pathogen

2) Memory B lymphocytes
- provide immunological memory
- long term defence against antigens
- exposure to same antigen: faster, stronger, longer lasting

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
T lymphocytes:
- when in contact with specific antigen, it proliferates and differentiations into one of four cell types
1) Cytotoxic = kill foreign, infected or abnormal host cells by releasing toxic compounds
2) helper = secrete cytokines that increase activity of phagocytes, promote inflammation and stimulate the production of B/T lymphocytes
3) Suppressor = Turn off immune response after the antigen has been successfully removed
4) Memory = Persist after an infection, enable larger and faster response upon reinfection

66
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some virus’s RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.

67
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Introduced “germ theory” disproved spontaneous generation

  • Invented heat treatment (pasteurisation) to preserve wine
  • discovered immunisation (accidentally) by injecting chickens with dead cholera bacteria
  • Performed swan necked flask experiment (flask with infusion, particles couldn’t enter through swan neck, when he broke flask it came infected)
68
Q

Robert Koch

A

Koch’s postulates - microbe cause disease

1) The microbes must be present in the blood of infected individual
2) The microbe must be extracted and cultured
3) the microbe must cause the same symptoms when introduced to a healthy organism
4) the microbe must be present in the blood of the second individual

69
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A network of tissues and organs that assist in removing toxins, waste and other unwanted materials

70
Q

Vaccination

A

A method of exposing the immune system to an antigen so it can produce memory cells
produces Antigens

71
Q

Fever

A

Pyrogens are proteins produced when pathogen is damaging cells that affect the hypothalamus. Elevated homeostatic point causes fever and body responds

72
Q

Immunity

A

Antibiotic story

  • Alexander Flemming observes that penicillia mould inhibit bacterial growth
  • Howard Florey isolates the compound and produces injectable penicillin

Resistance due to:

1) Inappropriate prescription (prescribing for non-bacterial disease)
2) Incorrect use (not completing the ‘course’)
3) Use as a preventative medication in agriculture

73
Q

Active immunity

A

active immunity occurs when your immune system is stimulates by an antigen to make its own T cells, B cells and antibodies

Natural active immunity = immune after catching disease

Artificial active immunity = produced by vaccination

74
Q

Passive immunity

A

when antibodies are transferred to an un-immunised person, providing them with temporary protection against a microbial agent or toxin

Natural passive immunity = antibodies received through mother

Artificial passive immunity = injected with another persons antibodies

75
Q

Factors increasing the spread of disease

A
  • Pathogen features
  • method of transmission
  • population density
  • movement of individuals
  • proportion of the population that is immune
76
Q

Factors preventing outbreak of disease

A
  • Hygiene practises
  • Vaccination
  • Pesticides
  • Genetic engineering
77
Q

Controlling the spread of Disease

A
  • Hygiene practices
  • Vaccination
  • Pesticides
  • Genetic engineering
  • Quarantine
  • Medications
  • Public health campaigns
78
Q

Mosquitoes

A

When mosquito extract blood from individual it also takes up pathogens. These are later injected into non-infected individuals thus spreading disease. They inject anticoagulants which prevent blood clotting thus the disease is transmitted.

Mosquito acts as a vector

Malaria = disease caused by a protist (plasmodium). It is carried by female mosquitos and injected into blood. This destroys red blood cells. Can result in death

79
Q

Antibiotics

A

Drugs that treat bacterial infections

  • kill bacteria
  • slow growth

Specifically target biochemical pathways and molecules unique to bacteria

  • bacteria wall synthesis
  • nucleic acid synthesis
  • protein synthesis
  • certain metabolic pathways

Resistant bacteria pass on the resistance gene to their offspring

80
Q

Antivirals

A

Drugs that treat viral infections

Target characteristics unique to viruses

  • viral nucleic acid
  • proteins

Prevent the virus from entering a new cell or spreading

Antivirals can mutate and develop resistance

81
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which the body maintains a constant internal environment

  • Stimulus = a change in environment
  • Receptor = detects change and sends messages to control centre
  • Control centre = relays the message to the relevant effector
  • Effector = responds to the signal
  • Response = restores the internal conditions of the body
82
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The regulation of an animal’s body temperature in order to keep it within an ideal range

83
Q

Ectotherms

A

Body temp is regulated by the ambient/environmental temperature

84
Q

Endotherms

A

Control temperature by modifying their internal body processes

85
Q

Osmoregulation in Plants

A

The regulation of an organism between water and dissolved materials

Xerophytes = dry environ
Mesophytes = moderately wet
Hydrophytes = wet environ
Halophytes = saline environments
86
Q

Nervous system

A

Allows organisms to take information from the environment and respond by passing information around the body through a network of neural pathways

1) Central nervous system
- coordinates information

2) Peripheral nervous system
- Carries massages around
Somatic = voluntary control of body movement
Autonomic = involuntary bodily processes

87
Q

Neurons

A

Functional units of the nervous system which carry signals throughout the body

Comprised of:

  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath
  • Synaptic knobs
88
Q

Non-infectious

A

(non-communicable disease) are no caused by a pathogen and are not contagious

  • Heredity
  • Lifesyle
  • Environmental
  • Deficiency
89
Q

The endocrine system

A

Made up of glands which secrete hormones

Uses the stimulis response model

90
Q

Glands

A

Groups of specialised cells

91
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers that regulate processes within our body

92
Q

Genetic disease

A

Caused by mutations of the gene or chromosomes of an individual

93
Q

Single gene abnormalities

A

Opposite to polygenic (most common cause of phenotype expressions multiple genes contributing)

94
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A

Some genetic disease are caused by mutations of the chromosomes that carry genes

  • incorrect number
  • change to chromosome itself
  • Non-disjunction (incorrect seperation)
  • trisomy (extra)
  • monosomy (missing)
95
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the incidence of diseases or risk factors for disease in populations. it also includes a study for possible factors that influence the incidence of conditions.

96
Q

Lung cancer - Epidemiology study

A

From one of the most uncommon and obscure diseases to the most common worldwide cancer in the world (12.3%)

97
Q

Types of non-infectious disease

A

Genetic Disorders = Altered/incorrect expression of a gene that causes disease is passed on
Cystic Fibrosis
- Caused by mutation in the CFTR gene
- caused build-up of sticky mucus
- breathings problems and increased infection

Environmental Exposure = environmental factors can trigger diseases
Hypersensitivity reaction
- over-reaction of immune system in response to antigens
- spontaneous mutation in genes

Cancer = Disease that involve unregulated and abnormal cell growth and division
- Mutations damage genes
- increased cell division
- Suppression of programmed cell death
- tumours form
- Carcinogen = cancer causing agent
Tobacco smoke

Nutritional factors = malnutrition is a deficiency, imbalance, or excess of carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water
- undernutrition (stunting, wasting, underweight, micronutrient
Over-nutrition (obesity, diet related non-infectious disease)

98
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of bases in DNA that codes for a specific protein

99
Q

Eukaryote

A

Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. Also contains membrane bound organelles

100
Q

Prokaryote

A

Lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles

bacteria

101
Q

Symbiosis

A

Mutualism = both organisms benefit

Commensalism = One organism benefits, the other is unharmed

Parasitism = One organism benefits while the other is harmed

102
Q

Adaptation

A

Behavioural = responses made by an organism that help it to survive/reproduce.

Physiological = a body process that helps an organism to survive/reproduce.

Structural = a feature of an organism’s body that helps it to survive/reproduce.

103
Q

Mutation

A

A mutation is a change in the genetic material of a cell—the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is altered
- The main source of genetic variation is mutation. This affects phenotype, the basis for natural selection. The likelihood of a gene being passed on depends whether it is dominant, co-dominant or recessive

Gene Flow
- Gene flow is the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another and thus affecting allele frequency.

Genetic Drift
- Instead of natural selection, chance is another reason for some organisms to survive while others don’t; even with less advantageous traits. However, the allele frequency of the survivors will increase as they reproduce

104
Q

Genetic Modification Issues

A 
Social = monopolistic power
Ethical = harmfulness to humans, contamination of other species
105
Q

The Ear

A

A structure designed to capture sound waves and send corresponding signals to the brain

106
Q

Hearing Loss

A

1) Conductive Hearing loss
- Deafness caused by damage to the outer or middle ear

2) Sensorineural hearing loss
- Deafness caused by damage to the inner ear or nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain

3) Auditory processing disorder
- Due to defects in the auditory areas of the brain

4) tinnitus
- Broad term for hearing a ringing in the ears

TREATMENTS

1) Hearing Aids
2) Bone conduction Implants
3) Cochlear Implant

107
Q

Prevalence/Incidence/Mortality

A

Prevalence = number of living people diagnosed with a disease of a given time
new and pre-existing cases / total population

Incidence = The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed within a specific time period
New cases/total population

Mortality = Number of death occurring as a result of the disease during specific time.

108
Q

Epidemiology studey

A

Collection and statistical analysis of a large quantities of data

Types:

  • Analytical studies = aims to determine patterns in the way a disease is distributed
  • Descriptive studies - Aims to determine patterns int he way a disease is distributed
  • Intervention Studies = Aims to measure the effectiveness and safety of health intervention.
109
Q

Data collection - Epidemiology

A

1) Diagnosis stages
- Confirm presense
2) Description stages
- where population at risk and distribution described
3) Investigative stages
- Where studies are implemented to investigate whether evidence supports hypothesis
4) Experimental stage
- where experiments are performed under controlled conditions
5) Analytical stage
- Results analysed
6) Decision
- Knowledge gained used to develop health programs and services or direct further research

110
Q

The eye

A

Organs which process visible light and turn this information into nerve impulses in order for the brain to interpret the physical environment

111
Q

Visual Disorders

A 
Lens:
- Refractive errors prevent light from falling on the retina correctly. This causes blurry/foggy vision, caused by a misshapen lens or eyeball
Examples:
- Myopia (short sightedness)
- Hyperopia (long sightedness)
Retina:
- Damage to the retina causes loss of vision
Examples:
- retinopathy
- Macular degeneration 
- Colour blindness
112
Q

Treatment of visual disorders

A

Glasses:
Concave lens - Myopia
Convex Lens - Hyperopia

Laser Surgery:
Curvature of the cornea is decreased - myopia
Curvature of the cornea is increased - huperopia

113
Q

The Kidney

A

An organ is responsible for filtering blood and excreting excess wastes, salt and water in order to maintain homeostasis

114
Q

Kidney Disorders

A

When the kidneys are damaged and don’t function as they should

1) Glomerulophritis
2) Diabetic Nephropathy
3) Polycystic kidney disease
4) Kidney stones

*Prevents the kidney from effectiveling filling the bload. Metabolic waste build up and salt/water levels become imbalanced.

115
Q

Treatment for Kidney disorders

A

DYALYSIS
- Replicates kidney function
The process of removing waste products and excess fluid from blood by an external machine called a dialyser
Adv = Patients can continue living with a decent quality of life
disad = time consuming

KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
The replacement of a damaged kidney with a healthy one from a matching donor
Adv = Longer and more ‘normal life for patients
Disad = possible kidney failure, risks using immunosuppressive drugs

116
Q

The Kidney

A

An organ is responsible for filtering blood and excreting excess wastes, salt and water in order to maintain homeostasis

117
Q

Kidney Disorders

A

When the kidneys are damaged and don’t function as they should

1) Glomerulophritis
2) Diabetic Nephropathy
3) Polycystic kidney disease
4) Kidney stones

*Prevents the kidney from effectiveling filling the bload. Metabolic waste build up and salt/water levels become imbalanced.

118
Q

Treatment for Kidney disorders

A

DYALYSIS
- Replicates kidney function
The process of removing waste products and excess fluid from blood by an external machine called a dialyser
Adv = Patients can continue living with a decent quality of life
disad = time consuming

KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
The replacement of a damaged kidney with a healthy one from a matching donor
Adv = Longer and more ‘normal life for patients
Disad = possible kidney failure, risks using immunosuppressive drugs

Biology (4 decks)

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