HSC 355 assessment 1 Flashcards
Research
is defined as a
systematic study directed toward fuller
scientific knowledge or understanding of
the subject studied
- Textbook definition-is the
process of systematically and carefully
investigating a subject in order to
discover new insights about the world.
Health research
the
investigation of health and
disease or any of the factors
that contribute to the presence
or absence of physical, mental,
and social health among
individuals, families,
communities, nations, or the
world population
population health research
involves humans as the unit of
investigation. Examines
outcomes at the community,
regional, national, and
worldwide level.
basic scientific research
Often done in a lab
* Strongly tied to scientific rigor
* Commonly includes: cell biology,
immunology, biochemistry,
pharmacology, microbiology, and
genetics
clinical research
Evaluates the best
ways to prevent,
diagnose, and treat
adverse health issues
that affect individuals
and families
* Involves people
observational studies
that aim to identify and analyze patterns in medical data or biological samples
clinical research
also called intervention studies tests the safety and effectiveness of medical interventions , medications and procedures and tools
determinants of health
are the biological behavioral and social environmental and political factors that influences the health status of individuals and populations
medicine
the practice of preventing and diagnosing and treating health problems in individuals and families example clinicians
translational research
The goal is to move research
from the laboratory (basic
science) to human study,
practice, or the field more
efficiently.
applying scientific discoveries to improve clinical outcomes
population health
focuses on the health outcomes and determinants of health in a group of humans
Public health
consists of the actions taken to promote health and prevent illness injuries and early deaths at a population levels
demography
the study of the size and composition of the populations and of population dynamics such as birth and death rates
applied research
designed to solve practical problems and the issue is known short leads to action
Community based participatory research
is research conducted by and for
those most directly affected by the issue,
condition, situation, or intervention being
studied or evaluated.
How do you institute
carry out CBPR
You recruit a community research team.
* You orient and train the research team.
* The team determines the questions the
research or evaluation will try to answer.
* The team plans and structures the
research activity.
* As a team, you carry out your plan.
The team prepares and presents a report and
recommendations.
* You take or try to bring about appropriate
action.
* You evaluate the process.
* You provide an opportunity for team members to
reflect on and discuss their learning and the
effects of the experience.
* You maintain gains by keeping team members
involved.
How do you institute and
carry out CBPR?
lead researcher
as the researcher who will do the majority of the work and supported by several other contributors such as assistants or senior specialists
senior researcher
an experienced researcher who guides the work of a newer investigator
Research in Health education and promotion
. needs assessment
. risk assessments
.Health disparities
.health literacy
. program development and evaluation
. community based participatory research
journey and assets mapping
. translational research
. Clinical research
. population health research
Main purpose of research
Generate knowledge that improves practice
Has benefits to a broader community/society
main purpose of practice
Prevent disease, injury, or other conditions
and/or promote the health of a particular
community. Data collected is essential to program/service
assessment, improvement, and/or community
health
Common elements
Use systematic methods.
Based on scientific evidence.
Might use epidemiological study design.
Might involve the collection and assessment of
personally identifiable and protected health
information.
Might involve statistical analysis of data.
Might result in publication of findings
Might contribute to generalizable knowledge.
Might involve hypothesis testing.
Research process
Identify study question
.select study approach
.design study and collect data
.analyze data
. report findings
mentorship
a formal or
informal relationship in
which an experienced
mentor offers professional
development advice and
guidance to a less
experienced mentee
interprofessional
the ability to work and communicate well with colleagues in different practice areas in order to achieve a shared goals
principle investigator
identifies two or more individuals who share responsibility for the conduct of the project.
co investigators
used to indicate the individual makes significant contributions, but does not have overall responsibility and authority for the project.
Program
Director
responsible for ongoing management on behalf of the SRO to ensure that desired programme outcomes and objectives are delivered.
coordinator
recruit and screen participants, coordinate the day-to-day running of the trials, collect data, and produce reports.
Research
Assistants
supports research projects by conducting literature searches, data management and maintaining files for project
Data
Collectors
enter information into a database and ensure that your data collection sources are accurate
evaluator
provide objective, evidence-based information that helps decision-makers and stakeholders improve program effectiveness and efficiency.
Biostatistician
the application of statistical techniques to scientific research in health-related fields, including medicine, biology, and public health
continuing education
the completion of approved learning activities in order to maintain a professional licensure or credential to understanding new discoveries in one field
bibliometric
quantitative analyses of publications and citations
h index
bibliometric that indicates that an author has at least h publications that has been cited at least h time
10th index
count of the number of publications by an author that has been cited at least 10 times
Responsible conduct of research
a concept that encompasses research ethnics , professionalism and best practices for collaboration and communication with other researcher
Methods for exploring research topics
brainstorming- helps to create a long list of research topics
concept mapping -helps to identify central themes that might be worth exploring. It is a visual method for listing ideas and then
grouping them to reveal relationships
How to brainstorm
Make a list of any research
topic of interest to you
Do not erase ideas or correct
ideas
When done review your list
Circle the top 3 ideas
Star the one you are most
passionate about
how to create a concept map
Choose one central concept &
write it at the center of your
paper
Use arrows to connect sub-
concepts to your central concept
For each sub-concept, create a
list of related themes
Put an asterisk by the
relationship(s) that interest you
the most
Consider how your concepts relate to specific
populations/groups, specific events, time, location
Practical research
about who , where and when and what and why and how often point toward unmet demands for descriptive studies needs assessment program evaluations
keyword
is a word a MeSH term described in the following paragraph or a short phrase that can be used in a database search
MESH
is a vocabulary thesaurus that can be used for Medline and other health scientific databases
exposure
is a personal characteristic behavior , environmental encounter or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition
risk factor
is an exposure that increases an individual likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease of outcome
protective factor
is an exposure that reduces an individual’s likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome.
Nonmodifiable risk factor
is a risk factor for a disease that cannot be charged through health interventions
Modifiable risk factor
is a risk factor for a disease that can be avoided or mitigated
primary prevention
is a encompasses health behaviors and other protective actions that can help you keep an adverse health event from occurring in people who do not already have conditions
secondary prevention
is the detection of health problems individuals in asymptomatic individuals at an early stage when the conditions have not yet caused significant damage to the body and that it can br treated easily.
tertiary prevention
consists of interventions that reduce impairment minimize pain and suffering and prevent death in people with symptomatic health problems
outcome
is an observed event such as the presence of a disease in a participant in an observational study or the measured point in an experimental study
disease
defined as the presence of signs or symptoms of poor health
disorder
is a functional impairment that may or may not be characterized by measurable structural or physiological changes
mortality
deaths or the particular outcome of interest associated with a disease
mordity
nonfatal illness
commodity
is two or more adverse health conditions occurring at the same time
Population is a group of individuals communities or organizations.
EDPs exposure
diseases or other health related outcomes and populations can be combined to form potential study questions using a standard format
Evidence based medicine
uses the results of rigorous research studies to optimize the clinical decision making
literature review
related to the candidate question will assist the researcher in determining what is already known about the topic and what new information a new study can contribute
evidence based practice
I used in a variety of fields to encourage experienced professionals to integrate research into their decision making process
Scholarship of teaching and learning
the process of using systematic investigators to improv the quality of education
Treatability
is the ability of a research question to be answered using experiments or other types of measurement
inquiry
is the process of finding answers to questions that arise from personal experiences
picot
what is the patient or population group , what is the intervention that will be tested
identifying key words
relate synonyms for
your terms
Use BOOLEAN operators
to connect all of the key
words for your search
developing key words
step 1:Explore Topic Concepts
Related to EDP
population
a group of individuals,
communities, or organizations
informal sources
potential areas of inquiry, read files or non technical documents
statistical report
estimated prevalence and disease exposure
vital statistics
are population level measurements related to birth and deaths and other demographic characteristics
abstract
is an one paragraph summary of the article or chapter or book
abstract database
is a collection of abstracts that allows researchers to search for articles using keywords or other short term
pub med
a service of the U.S National Library of medicine 30 million abstract articles
European Pub Med
more extensive coverage on European and Canadian Journals
Some are products that are provided by companies that produce and manage and distribute online journal articles are
EBSCO
JSTOR
LexisNexis - business and law
ProQuest
internal validity
evidence of a study measured what it is intended to measure
external validity
which is the likelihood of the results of a study with internal validity can be generalized into other populations
Generability
means that the results of one study are applicable to a broader target audience
annoted bibliography
which is a list of related publications that includes at minimum
full reference
brief summary of the article
note about the resources revelance
originality
describes the aspect of the research project that are novel and will allow to make a unique combination of healthcare literature
replicability
means that a study protocol has been implemented in a new study population should generate new results
replication studies
repeat a study protocol in an new population as part of attempting to confirm that the original findings were not due to chance
gaps in literature
missing pieces of information in the science body of knowledge that a new study could fill
researchers finding articles
find pertinent articles by searching electronic databases
looking at the reference list identified and determined helpful
best article citator
present results and results and relevance to a new study
retraction
is the removal of a published article from an accepted scientific literature due to major errors or author misconduct
erratum
is a published correction to a minor error in a article that was introduced during the publication process
corrigendum
is a published correction to a mirror error in an article caused by the author rather then the publisher
formal sources
scholarly works that were critically reviewed before being disseminated by a publishing group format
informal sources
like webpages and factsheets and blogs and podcasts and other types of information not peer reviewed and not formally published should never be cited in formal research topics
specific knowledge
information that is specific to a particular study such as a particular statistic or laboratory
common - general knowledge
refers to information that should be familiar to a typical person working in that research area
plagiarism
is the use of someone’s else’s ideas words or images or creative work without attribution
APA style
citation and reference style used in social sciences and nursing journals
AMA style
medical and health science journals
house style
particular journal or publisher requirements for spelling and citation style and other formatting details
digital object identifier
code assigned to a document by a registration body to allow quick online access to the document or its abstract
abstract
is a paragraph length summary of the report
internal validity
of a study the evidence that a study measured what it is intended to measure
external validity
likelihood that the results of a study with internal validity can be associated with population and place and time
annotated biography
list if related publications which includes a full reference for each document being reviewed and a brief and a summary of the article or report
practical plan of action
reread the abstract and look carefully at the tables or figures
review the reference for any additional sources added
originality
describes the aspects of a new research project that are novel and will allow it to be unique combinations of literature
replicability
study protocol implemented in a new study population should generate results similar to those of the study and inclusion criteria
replication studies
can repeat a study protocol in a new population as part of attempting to confirm that the original findings were not due to change
research inquiry
determine the most important key terms within your research topic
- create synonyms for your topic
exposure and disease population the basic research papers.
exposure
key characteristic’s health behavior
population
a group of individuals communities or research
conducting literature reviews
allows you to embed your research within the wider scientific literature
refine your research questions and incorporate finding from previous research
- often emerges from an annotated bibliography and briefly summarize the ideas
spread sheet list
extract the most relevant info from articles
statistical reports
for demographic and socioeconomic and environmental data reports from national governments are often a good source of up to data information
critical reading
initial reading the plan and re read the abstract
- look at the tables and figures which usually display the most important results
gaps in the literature
areas of a topic that has not been explored or underexplored
may include but not limited
population size and location and type
research methods - quant or qual , mixed
data analysis and technique
study variables
- identifying a gap doesn’t mean your research is not worthy of exploration your work should contribute to the field in meaning
purposiveness
the principle that research projects should be designed to answer one or more well defined research question
conceptual framework
a model that a researcher
sketches using boxes and arrows to illustrate the
various relationships that will be evaluated during a
study
Theoretical framework
a set of established models
in the published literature that can inform the
components and flows of the conceptual framework for
a new research study. Draws on existing models in the
literature to explain key relationships. (Health Belief
Model, Transtheoretical model, Social Ecological Model
etc…)
You should have a rationale for the theory or conceptual framework that you
are using for your study
health belief model
considers health behavior change to be a
function of perceived susceptibility to an
adverse health outcome, perceived
severity of the disease, perceived benefits
of behavior change, perceived barriers to
change, cues to action, and self-efficacy
Scio ecological model
considers
individual health and health behaviors to
be a function of the social environment,
which includes intrapersonal (individual),
interpersonal, institutional
(organizational), community, and public
policy dimensions
How is the theory applied
When you apply theory,
your framework should
be guiding multiple of the
following when possible:
* Specific aims and
research questions
* Data collection
methods
* Outcomes assessed
* Data analysis
* Reporting of results
Data collection methods:
theory
suggests a mixed methods approach,
defines each construct measured
data analysis
defines relationships
between constructs, type of analyses
conducted
Reporting of results
asset-based
approach, measurement for each pathway
the theoretical framework can report on the following
Data collection methods: constructs
measured
* Data analysis: informed a priori
codebook, and thematic analysis
* Reporting of results: reported based
on model format
start
Start with a purpose
statement (why do you
want to do the research?
Identify
Next identify one clear
overarching study goal
(measurable) or main study
question
