HSB4U exam review Flashcards
SIGMUND FREUD:
- Founder of Psychoanalysis
-Method for explaining and treating mental/emotional disorders
-Patients talk freely about dreams, problems, childhood memories
-Emphasis on exploring unconscious thoughts and feelings
ANTONIO GRAMSCI:
- Founded culture hegemony
KARL MARX:
-German social theorist and economist
-Marxist theory applied in various social science disciplines
-Society divided into bourgeoisie (property-owning) and proletariat (working class)
- Proved Marxian and conflict theories
MARVIN HARRIS
Came up with infrastructure, structure and superstructure
BRONISŁAW MALINOWSKI
Contributed to functionalism
B.F. SKINNER
Is an american psychologist Proposed Learning theory
EMILE DURKHEIM:
- French sociologist who is considered to be a leading figure in the structural functionalist
- set out to test the sociological method through the examination of the social problem of suicide
Carl Jung
- a swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who Founded analytical psychology.
- Created the Jung personality test
- Carl Jung’s theory is the collective unconscious.
Philip Zimbardo
-American professor known for the Stanford Prison Experiment and who also researched prosocial and anti-social behaviour.
Stanley Milgram
- American psychologist who designed an experiment to measure the level of connection between people’s social networks, known as the “small world experiment.” using shocks
Ernst Zundel-
- Neo Nazi publisher and pamphleteer (holocaust denier)
James Keegstra
A history teacher from Alberta who taught his students that the holocaust is fake.
Martin Luther King
From 1955 until his assassination in 1968, American Baptist clergyman, activist, and political philosopher Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most well-known figures in the civil rights movement.
Fought against Jim Crow laws that allowed for segregation
Rosa Parks
- Rosa Parks: American civil rights activist
- Pivotal role in Montgomery bus boycott
- Focused on Civil Rights Movement and desegregation
- 75% of public transit riders were people of color
- Bus driver adjusted “colored section” based on available white seats at the front
Harry Harlow
Harry Harlow had contributed to the relationship between mother and child was created by the mother providing a touch comfort (a psychologist)
MAHATMA GANDHI
-Pioneer of peaceful protest
- Advocated civil disobedience, non-cooperation, and symbolic protests
- Led Salt March, illegally making salt from the sea against British policy
- Outcry against British policies in India
- India declared independent from Britain in 1947
- Gandhi assassinated 6 months after independence
Black Lives Matter
-Originating in the US to address police brutality, racial profiling, and general racial inequality
-Popular in 2013 after #BlackLivesMatter on twitter
Anthropologists
- Studies of lives and cultures of human beings, alive or dead
- Study of human culture and species development over time
- Examination of traditions, practices, etc., specific to a culture
Psychologists
The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It looks at the individuals and their mind
Sociologists
- Systematic study of human life, social life, groups, and societies
- Examines interactions among groups of people (e.g., racism, poverty, homelessness)
- Focus on societal structure and social institutions
- Explores how these factors influence individuals
- Encompasses the “big picture” perspective
Apartheid
Apartheid refers to the implementation and maintenance of a system of legalised racial segregation in which one racial group is deprived of political and civil rights.
Intergenerational mobility
Social Movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next
Intragenerational mobility
Social movement of individuals within their own lifetime
Operant Conditioning
Overall specific consequences are associated with a voluntary behaviour
a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behaviour
OPERANT CONDITIONING:
a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behaviour
B.F Skinner Box-
a rat was trapped in a box, and to receive a treat it had to press a lever. When it pressed the lever it eventually knew that that was how to get a reward.
Behaviour modification
Behaviour modification is a type of behaviour therapy. B. F. Skinner demonstrated that behaviour could be shaped through reinforcement and/or punishment.
Proletariat
the poorest class of people; the lower working class wage-earners who sell their skills for money.
Bourgeoisie
property owning class who own the means of production
Petty Bourgeoisie
the lower middle class including tradespeople, shop owners, and craftspeople
Schizoid:
social detachment, limited range of emotional expression
Schizotypal:
social deficits, delusions
Fall into odd cluster
Social Change
social change as changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social institutions.
Types of social control
- Internal:
within the individual developed during the socialization process. “Knowing” the right or wrong thing to do
Types of social control
-External
based off of social sanctions (rewards or punishments that encourage conformity)
Sanctions
-Formal
rewards or punishments given by individual or governing body with special authority, EG teacher or judge
Sanctions
-Informal
can be applied by most members of a group (ridicule, gossip, facial expression, etc)
Acculturation
- The process of contact exposure and exchange of ideas between different cultures that result in adaptation and change to both groups.
- learning a new language and adoption a new customs.
MACROSOCIOLOGY
Studies society as a whole. Analyses social systems/populations on a large scale.
EX: to study religion you would learn about religious worship as a large structure/institution in society
MICROSOCIOLOGY
Studies roles and interactions of an individual or a small group of people.
EX: to study religion you would learn about the role and beliefs of a single worshipper or small group of worshippers.
PARADIGM SHIFT
A paradigm shift is a major change in how people think and get things done that upends and replaces a prior paradigm.
PARADIGM PARALYSIS
- Paradigm paralysis refers to the refusal or inability to think or see outside or beyond the current framework or way of thinking or seeing or perceiving things.
CONFIRMATION BIAS
the tendency among people to favour information that. confirms their beliefs and preconceptions about an issue regardless of the validity of the information.
EGO DYSTONIC DISORDER
Anxiety disorders such as phobias are generally referred to as ego-dystonic illnesses: the sufferer acknowledges the problem and wants to do something about it.
EGO SYNTONIC DISORDER:
Ego syntonic: individuals believe that the drama, self-absorption and other traits that characterise their condition are reasonable responses to the way the world is treating them.
CASTE
A caste is a fixed social group into which an individual is born within a particular system of social stratification: a caste system
DISCRIMINATION
the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.
PREJUDICE
a favouring or dislike of something without good reason : unfriendly feelings directed against an individual, a group, or a race. Prejudice.
STEREOTYPE
an exaggerated view or judgement made about a group or class of people.
RACISM
based on the notion that some races are superior to others.
ANOMIE
normlessness; a lack of feeling or breakdown of social norms
GENOCIDE
Genocide=the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation
ANTI-SEMITISM
hostility to or prejudice against Jewish people.
QUALITATIVE DATA
Information that is subjective which is expressed in words or actions, an example would be a person’s emotions and feeling data that cannot be collected by counting.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Data measured numerically, that data information can include height, age, or weight.
ID,EGO,SUPEREGO,EROS
- ID: “I want” part of our mind
Pleasure-driven and impulsive
Represented as the “Devil” - Ego: “I think” part of our mind
Responsible for decision-making
Balances between ID and Superego - Superego: “I should” part of our unconscious mind
Concerned with morality and values
Dictates what is right and wrong
Represents our moral compass
TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGY
-Cognitive:
The importance of the mental processes that underlie behaviour
TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGY
-Behavioural:
The role of the person’s environment (upbringing) in shaping and controlling behaviour.
TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGY
-Psychoanalytical
the role of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences in determining behaviour and thought.
Sigmund Freud proposed this theory.
MARX’S LABOUR THEORY OF VALUE AND ALIENATION
- Canadians define identity through jobs
- Manufacturing increases production cost
- Higher cost limits accessibility
- Leads to alienation from work
- Example: Car manufacturing
- Marx: Fate determined by social class
- Change requires overthrowing bourgeoisie
- Advocate for starting anew
Dramatic Cluster:
- Borderline:
Impulsiveness,
unstable relationships
intense mood swings and feel uncertainty about how they see themselves
Dramatic Cluster:
-Antisocial
averse to the society of others
Dramatic Cluster:
-Narcissistic:
- self-absorption
- Sense of self-importance.
Dramatic Cluster:
-Narcissistic:
Extreme emotionality, attention seeking
Anxious Cluster:
-Dependent
clinginess, submissiveness
Anxious Cluster:
-Avoidant
sense of inadequacy, inhibition
Anxious Cluster:
-Obsessive-Compulsive
rigidity, rule-boundedness, perfectionism
Odd Cluster:
-Paranoid:
extreme distrust, suspicion
Odd Cluster:
-Schizoid:
social detachment, limited range of emotional expression
Odd Cluster:
-Schizotypal:
social deficits, delusions
What are anxiety disorders?
There are several different anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders such as phobias are generally referred to as ego-dystonic illnesses: the sufferer acknowledges the problem and wants to do something about it.
What are personality disorders?
Personality disorders are ego syntonic: individuals believe that the drama, self-absorption and other traits that characterise their condition are reasonable responses to the way the world is treating them.
What is Narcissism?
Having an excessively high sense of one’s own importance is what narcissism essentially is. They demand excessive amounts of attention and want to be admired. Narcissism is one of 10 conditions under the diagnostic heading of personality disorders
What are the characteristics of a Histrionic Personality Disorder?
It is a mental health illness characterised by erratic emotions, a warped sense of self, and an intense need to stand out. The dramatic cluster includes histrionic personality disorder.
What are the characteristics of a Borderline Personality disorder?
- Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
- Severe mood swings and self-image struggles
- Abrupt shifts from intense closeness to intense hate
- Fear of abandonment
- Relationships with individuals with BPD can be challenging
What is an Antisocial Personality Disorder?
- Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
- Characterized by impulsive, reckless, and often criminal behaviors
- Individuals with ASPD display aggressiveness, lack of morality, and disregard for the law
- Tendency to incorporate illegal behavior into their disorder
What is the difference between a Schizoid personality and a Schizotypal personality?
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Problems forming relationships and interpreting social cues
- Schizotypals may experience delusions
- Schizoids characterized as “lone wolves”
- Strange beliefs and thoughts in schizotypals, like magical thinking or paranoia
- Preference for solitude and reduced engagement in social connections
How do we get personality disorders?
- Growth in Personality Disorders (PDs)
- Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York City
- Attribution to disappearing natural support networks
- Mobile culture leading to increased distance from homes
- Childhood trauma identified as a main contributing factor
What are the types of treatment available?
- Prescription drugs to reduce stress in disordered lifestyle
- Facilitates engagement in talk therapy
- Analytic therapy explores prior traumas, reveals underlying tensions
- Cognitive and behavioral therapies teach coping mechanisms
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) by Marsha Linehan
- Helps individuals with borderline personality disorder identify triggers for explosive emotions
- Aims to enable control before emotional outbursts
- Combined approaches (DBT, group/family therapy, medication, psychotherapy) show 40% improvement
DREAM DISTORTION
No boundaries, time has no meaning, there is a space distortion and an emotional exaggeration
REPETITION DREAMS
These repetitive dreams can occur many times for weeks/months or years
There is usually a fearful theme involved (anxiety, being chased, etc)
COMPENSATORY DREAM
- Carl Jung, contemporary of Freud
- Shared belief in the significance of dreams
- Jung’s perspective: Dreams have a compensatory function for personality balance
- Dreams may offer compensation for personality traits
- Example: Timid individuals dreaming of great violence, or grieving individuals having funny dreams
DREAM CLAIRVOYANCE
Predictions of natural disasters, death, accidents, any event really but the difference is that the dreamer had NO way of knowing any of this information.
Anxiety Dreams
Often the mind will unconsciously absorb information that is later released in dreams. For example, dreams of health problems might provoke some kind of treatment.
Dreams
Dreaming takes place during REM sleep
* How dreams play a role is essential to our well being
We dream in 90 minute cycles
* Deep sleep and we have REM and NON-REM cycles
Dreams
It is argued that dreams shape our waking lives
Most people do dream, but a few don’t (following strokes)
You do not have good quality sleep when not dreaming because they keep
on waking up
* Dreams may actually be a way to keep us asleep
Nightmares
- Frankenstein” dreamt by Mary Shelley before writing
- Ancestral connections in dreams
- “Inherited” nightmares prepare us for real-world problems and dangers
- Nightmares argued to be beneficial for survival preparation
- Trauma can cause memory to be stuck in the amygdala, leading to recurring memories
- Recurring memories due to trauma can result in PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Lucid Dreamers
Looks at the relationship between dreams and consciousness
can control what they dream about
This is a skill that can be taught
Research shows that those who dream about it, do it better the next time.
(Athletes)
STATISTICS FROM CH. 3 VIEWS OF CANADIAN SOCIETY
- Current Canada population: 39,858,480 (April 2023)
- Canada admits approximately 1% of its total population as immigrants annually
- High immigration rates in major cities: 1 in 6 school-aged children in Toronto and - – — Vancouver immigrated in the last 10 years
- Ontario had 56.9% of its population as immigrants in 2006
- In 2021, over 90% of recent immigrants lived in one of Canada’s 41 census metropolitan areas (CMAs)
The Future of Canada’s Population male and female
Between 1926 and 2005 the average lifespan for males increased by 20 years for men, and 22.7 years for females
Language in Canada
While English and French remain the most prevalent languages spoken, other languages are gaining prominence. Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) is the third most prominent language followed by Punjabi.
CASTE SYSTEM AND THE 4 WAYS IN WHICH YOUR LIFE IS SHAPED
- Caste System Similarities to Slavery
Closed system of social stratification
Social status determined at birth
1. Occupation
Traditional caste groups linked to specific occupations
Generations within a family often perform the same type of work
2. Marriage
Marriage restricted within the same caste or social group
3. Social Life
Caste systems influence everyday life
People tend to remain in the company of individuals from their own caste
4. Belief Systems
Cultural and religious beliefs sustain and uphold the caste system
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF HATE CRIMES
- Hatred is intense and impersonal
- Hatred is based on prejudice and power
- The hatred is directed at scapegoats for other frustrations
4.Genocide is expression of national hatred
FREUD’S 8 DEFENCE MECHANISMS
- Repression
Description: Reverting to an earlier life stage, exhibiting childlike behaviors
Example: Person with oral fixation smokes more under work stress - Displacement
Description: Redirecting emotions to a substitute target
Example: Student in trouble at work yells at mother to relieve anger - Denial
Description: Claiming or believing a true situation to be false
Example: Student assumes teacher made a grading error for a low paper grade - Projection
Description: Attributing uncomfortable feelings to others
Example: Person with same-sex attraction sees friends as having a same-sex crush - Rationalization
Description: Creating false but credible justifications for behaviors
Example: Person illegally downloading music rationalizes by thinking artists won’t miss a couple of dollars
CONFIRMATION BIAS CONCEPTS
is the tendency among people to favour information that confirms their beliefs and preconceived notions about an issue regardless of the validity of the information presented to them.
Cognitive Consistency
the tendency of individuals to seek out stimuli that are consistent with their beliefs and attitudes and to limit exposure to those stimuli that are inconsistent.
Cognitive Dissonance
the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes.
Types of social control
1. Internal:
Internal: within the individual developed during the socialization process. “Knowing” the right or wrong thing to do
Types of social control
2. External:
External: based off of social sanctions (rewards or punishments that encourage conformity)
FORMAL AND INFORMAL SANCTIONS
Formal: rewards or punishments given by individual or governing body with special authority, EG teacher or judge
FORMAL AND INFORMAL SANCTIONS
Informal: can be applied by most members of a group (ridicule, gossip, facial expression, etc)
FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
Problems in culture arise at a constant attempt to accommodate the psychological needs of the majority of cultural society
Functionalism works in the structure of a body
Cultural stability comes from social institutions
CULTURAL MATERIALIST THEORY
Marvin Harris’s Cultural Materialism Theory
Activity of environment shapes cultural ideas and ideology
Understanding human culture involves examining material conditions (climate, food, geography)
Cultural change within the framework of three components:
Infrastructure: Material aspects like technology, resources
Structure: Social organization, relationships, institutions
Superstructure: Beliefs, values, ideologies
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
is concerned with the individual and the behaviour produced by the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.
argues that human behaviour is determined by unconscious drives, which are difficult to become aware of without the help of a skilled individual.
it is important to understand the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind when trying to change behaviors and motivations. ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
Id
instincts (I want” part of our mine) The ID is pleasure driven and impulsive DEVIL
Ego:
Reality (*I Think part of our mind) It is part of our mind that makes the decisions
Superego:
Morality (“I Should” part of our unconscious mind) what is right and what is wrong (This is our moral and values. ANGEL
THE LEARNING THEORY
Behaviourism is a school of thought within learning theory that uses behaviour modification to create change.
Behaviourists observe the behaviour and then try to control the behaviour through positive and negative stimuli.
Proponents of this theory are John. B Watson and B.F Skinner.
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
- This theory identifies and explains the systems and structures that govern society and assess how the needs of the individuals are being met
- Proponents of this theory are Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons
MARXIST THEORY
According to Marxian theory, economic power and material wealth create a situation of natural competition between different classes in society
This conflict propels change to the economic system and to society as a whole
Karl Marx proposed this theory
4 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT
- Revolutionary Movement
- Attempts to totally change a society.
Deeply unsatisfied with social order and work for radical change
Advocate for replacing the entire existing structure
4 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT
- Reformative movement
Aims to effect more limited changes in a society
Organized to carry out reforms in specific areas for the better
Eg Women’s Liberation movement, Civil Rights movement
4 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT
- Redemptive Movememt
focuses on changing people entirely
Fundamental religious movements and cults are examples, especially if they emphasize conversion and radical transformation/inner change of people
4 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT
- Alternative Movement
Seeks only limited change in people
Example: Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)
Non-threatening to the status quo and power structure because change is on an individual level
