HS 15 chapters 7-12 Flashcards
How do young children change in height and weight in early childhood?
The average child grows 2 1/2 inches in height and 5-7 pounds a year.
What are fine motor skills? What are gross motor skills? How do these develop in early childhood?
At three a child can run , jump, hop with pride of their accomplishments. At four they become more adventurous, going through jungle gyms and showing off their progress. At five they become even more adventurous and self assured five year olds like committing high - raising stunts in the playgrounds and participating in races.
What is myelination and what does it do?
Myelination: a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which info travels through the nervous system. it strengthens connections that are used more frequently. At 3- 6 the most growth occurs in the frontal lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and maintaining attention to tasks.
What are the leading causes of death for young children in the U.S.?
Motor vehicle accidents, cancer, cardiovascular disease, drowning, falls , burns, and poisoning.
What percentage of children and adolescents breathe tobacco smoke in the home?
22%
Animism :
The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
Example: when a child runs into the wall they might say the wall is mean it hit me.
Egocentrism
is the inability to distinguish b/w one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective
Example: the three mountain task. he would only pick his view
Conservation
The awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does no change its basic properties.
Example: conservation task children younger than seven/eight don’t have a good understanding of conservation
Centration
centering of attention one one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.
Operation
reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically.
Example: adding/subtracting mentally
ZPD
lower vs upper limit
Aim
Zone of Proximal Development :the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.
lower limit: Level of problem solving reached on these tasks by child working alone
Upper Limit: Level of additional responsibility child can accept with assistance of an able instructor.
you aim to start off at the upper level
scaffolding
changing the level of support
private speech
use of language for self regulation ; organizing and regulating thinking especially helpful when trying to solve a difficult problem
How do Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s views on private speech differ?
Piaget believed private speech is egocentric and immature
Vygotsky believed it was an important tool of thought during the early childhood years
- Reasoned that children who use private speech are more socially competent
- argued that PS represents an early transition in becoming more socially competent
What are self-conscious emotions? What are some examples? When do they develop? Why?
require sense of self (15-18 months)
guilt, shame
Emotion coaching parent :
monitor their children’s emotions, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, & coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions.
Emotion Dismissing :
View their role as to deny, ignore or change negative emotions
Benefits of emotion coaching parenting :
children are better at self soothing, more effective in regulating neg. emotions, focus better, less behavior problems
Autonomous Morality :
become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and consider intentions + consequences
10 years or older
Heteronomous Morality :
Think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.
4 to 7 years
What are Diane Baumrind’s four styles of parenting?
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Neglectful
Indulgent
Authoritarian :
places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. ( social incompetence)
Authoritative :
encourages children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions.
Neglectful :
uninvolved in child’s life
-associated with octal incompetence + lack of self control
Indulgent :
highly involved but place few demands or controls on them
Four dimensions used to describe these parenting styles :
Acceptance + responsiveness and demand + control
How common is it for gay men to be parents? For lesbians to be parents?
Gay men : 10%
Lesbians : 20%
In the U.S., how many (percentage) mothers of small children work outside of the home? In the U.S., how many (percentage) mothers of older children work outside of the home?
Mothers of small children : 1/2
Mothers of older children : 2/3
What are the different types of play?
Sensorimotor : Practice Pretense / Symbolic Social Constructive Games
Sensorimotor
behavior to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes.
playing with a toy that makes noise
Practice
involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination are required for games or sports.
learning how to shoot a basketball
Pretense / Symbolic
child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
building a fort
Social
play that involves interaction with peers
a game of tag
constructive
combines sensorimotor / practice play with symbolic representation
building a castle
Games
Activities that are engaged in for pleasure and have rules.
playing hide n go seek
How do young children change in height and weight in middle/late childhood?
2-3 inches a year until 11
5-7 pounds
How does the brain change in middle/late childhood?
prefrontal cortex
synaptic pruning occurs
What is concrete operational thought
children can perform concrete operations, and they can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to a specific or concrete example. (applied to real concrete objects)
Seriation
The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along quantitative dimensions ( such as length )
ex sticks
Transitivity
the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions. ( if A is longer than B which is longer than C, then A is longer than C)
What is the leading cause of death for children in middle and late childhood in the U.S.?
Accidents and Injuries
What is second leading cause of death for children in middle and late childhood in the U.S.?
Cancer
What are the two most common cancers for those in middle/late childhood in the U.S.?
leukemia and brain cancer
What is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act? When was it passed?
Required that all students w/ disabilities be given free, appropriate public ed. (1975)
What does IDEA stand for?
What three concepts are associated with this legislation?
Individuals with Disabilities Edu. Improvement Act
Three concepts : Evaluation & eligibility determination, Appropriate ed. & an individualized edu. plan , and edu. in the least restrictive environment
What is an IEP
written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with the disability
What does LRE mean?
setting that as similar as possible to that of a child who doest have a disability
What is ASD
Also called pervasive developmental disorders, they range from the severe disorder labeled autistic disorder to the milder disorder called Asperger syndrome. Children with these disorders are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors.
Asperger syndrome
A relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships.
Autism
A severe autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.
Dyslexia
A category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.
Dysgraphia
A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.
Dyscalculia
as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.
average IQ score :
100
IQ score of 70
mental retardation
IQ score of 130
gifted
Normal Distribution :
symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.
How does the U.S. compare to other developed countries in learning a second language?
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