HS 1 Exam 1 Flashcards
Health
HEALTH: “State of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
Wellness
functioning at your overall best
WHO:
world health organization
created the definition
Godfrey Hochbaum
behavioral scientist that proposed “health is what helps me be what i want to be… do what i want to do …[and] live the way i would like to live.”
Ottawa Charter
charter for health promotion “ a resource for everyday life…a positive concept emphasizing social and physical capabilities.
What are the six components of health
Environment Physical Psychological Social Spiritual Intellectual
Environment
the conditions where people live, work and play.
Physical
Overall condition of organ systems, such as the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels), respiratory system (lungs), reproductive system and nervous system
Psychological
the ability to deal with psychological challenges of life effectively
Social
sense of wellbeing an individual achieves emotional supportive and intellectually stimulating relationships with family members, friends, and associates.
Spiritual
the belief that one is part of a larger scheme of life and that one’s life has a purpose.
Intellectual
he ability to use problem solving and other higher- ordered skills to deal effectively with life challenges.
Internal locus of control
The belief that events in one’s life, whether good or bad, are caused by controllable factors such as one’s attitude, preparation, and effort.
External locus of control
The belief that events in one’s life, whether good or bad, are caused by uncontrollable factors such as the environment, other people, or a higher power.
Know Life expectancy in the U.S in the 1900 and 2005
1900: 75.4 2005: 78.2
The leading causes of death for african Americans
homicide ,cancer, stroke, diabetes ,HIV infection, and heart disease
The leading causes of death for Caucasians
heart disease cancer chronic lower respiratory disease stroke unintentional injuries
The leading causes of death for Hispanics
Heart disease,cancer, and accidentalinjuries are leading causesof death.
The leading causes of death for Native Americans
nfants more likely to die during their first year of life. Diabetes is two and a half times higher than the rateamong whites.
The Stages of Change
Pre contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance
Pre contemplation
avoid accepting there is a problem and do not intend to make a change in habits
Contemplation
Realize/Accept there is a problem, + intend to quit in the next 6 months
Preparation
unsuccessful attempts at quitting and express to stop within the next month
Action
take steps to quit + succeed in quitting for up to six months.
Maintenance
develop practices to avoid relapsing into old habits \
The 3rd major cause of death that accounts for ¾ of preventable deaths among Americans between the age of 15 -24 years old?
suicide
Generalized anxiety disorder:
Uncontrollable chronic worrying, nervousnessabout 5%of the population
Panic Disorder:
Extreme anxietyand lossofemotional control, feeling like a heart attack.
ADHD
about 4.4%ofAmerican Adults mostly men
Characterized by short attention span and or hyperactivity- impulsivity that results in serious social impairment.
Abraham Maslow
believed individuals respond to their values rather than their unconscious drives and he created a hierarchy of five human needs.
Sigmund Freud
Framework of Personality- the unconscious mind influences behaviors created Seven Defense Mechanisms
Seven Defense Mechanisms
Repression—blocking unpleasantthoughts or feelings
Projection—attributing unacceptable thoughts, feelings,orurges to someone else
Rationalization—making upfalse orself-serving excusesfor unpleasantsituationsor behaviors
Denial—refusingto acknowledgeunpleasant situationsor feelings
Displacement—redirectinga feelingor responseto a lessthreateningtarget
Avoidance—taking action to preventsituations thatproduce powerfulfeelings
Regression—reducing anxietyby acting immature tofeel more secure
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
Social influencesshapepersonality.
Individuals progress througheight psychosocial stagesthroughouttheir lifetimes.
In orderto achieve emotional well-being,onemust resolve conflicts associated with each stag
order of the Maslow Pyramid
Self Actualization: A need for achievement + mastery
Esteem Needs: A need to have a high self - image
Love Needs: A need to give + receive love
Safety Needs: A need for a secure environment in which one can live,work and play.
Physiological Needs: The most basic needs are air, water, food, housing, sleep, and sexual activity.
Anorexia
severe psychological disturbance in which the individual refuses to eat enough food to maintain a healthy body weight
Binge Eating
a pattern of eating excessive amounts of food in response to distress such as anxiety or depression
Bulimia
is a craving for food that is difficult to satisfy: they typically east excessively at one time b/d they are anxious or depressed; followed by fasting or self induced vomiting.
Major Depression
Mood disorder characterized by persistent and profound sadness, hopelessness,helplessness, and feeling of worthlessness,
lack of energy; loss of interest in usual activities; loss of the ability to concentrate; suicidal thoughts; and appetite and sleep disturbances.
Eustress
events or conditions that create positive effects, such as making one feel happy, challenged or successful.
-new parent, competing, accepting desired job
Distress
Events or conditions that produce unwanted or negative outcomes.
-Problems with fam, friends, or ed.
Hans Selye
researcher that provided the term for stress and created the three stage description of the physical responses to stressors. GAS
know the stress hormones
- Cortisol
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
What does GAS stand for in relations to stress respond?
General Adaptation Syndrome
What are the three stages of GAS?
Alarm – adrenal glands release stress hormones to prepare your body to deal with the stressful event
2) Resistance – body maintains its protective physical reactions to the stressor
3) Exhaustion – physical stress defenses are weakened, and you become more susceptible to infections
Know psychoneuroimmunology
the study of the relationships between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems,
- is the field of medical research that explores the connection between mind and body.
- Stress alters the normal functioning of the brain, which in turn, affects immune system functioning.
Antioxidants
compounds that protect cells from free-radical damage (can cause damage)
Phytochemicals
a group of non nutrients are produced by plants and may have beneficial effects on the body.
What is the danger zone in storing foods?
Between 40°F and 140°F.
monounsaturated fat
Olives, peanuts, and canola oil are rich sources
Metabolic syndrome
A condition that increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
Signs of Metabolic Syndrome
and cause
- Excess abdominal fat -Slightly elevated fasting blood glucose levels Elevated blood lipid levels -Hypertension
- Cause: poor dietary habits
Diabetes Mellitus
is a group of chronic diseases characterized by the inability of the body to metabolize carbohydrates properly.
-People suffering from diabetes produce no insulin, produce insufficient amounts of insulin, or respond abnormally to insulin.
How much fiber is recommended daily ?
25-30 grams but the average person intakes only about 15 grams daily
What are soluble fibers?
apples bananas citrus fruits carrots kidney beans oats
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Water
Micronutrients
Vitamins
Minerals
Muscle endurance
the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly without getting fatigued easily.
Muscle Strength
is the ability of muscles to apply maximum force against an object that is resisting
Isometric
a type of exercise in which the individual exerts macular force against a fixed, immovable object. (applying a constant force while pushing against a immovable door frame)
-muscle does not shorten or bulge
Isotonic
a type of exercise in which the individual exerts muscular force against a movable but constant source of resistance (lifting barbells, push ups, using weight machines)
-muscle shortens and bulges
how to calculate a person’s BMI
Body Mass Index (weight x 705/ height squared)
BMI Chart
below 18.5 — underweight 18.5-24.9 — healthy 25.0-29.9 — overweight 30-39.0 — obese 40.0 or higher — morbidity or extremely obese
Flexibility
the ability to move a muscle to any position in its normal range of motion
Static Stretching
involves slowly and fully extending the muscle and nearby joints throughout their natural range of motion
Ballistic Stretching
involve bouncing; can cause injuries muscles and tendons
Tendons
tough bands and tissues that connect many skeletal muscles to bones
Ligaments
tough bands of connective tissue that hold bones together at joints
Joints
the places where two or more bones come together
functions of Skeletal muscles
provide shape, support, and movement for your body
LDL
Low density lipoproteins- “bad” cholesterol that carries cholesterol to the cells, including the cells that line the blood vessel walls.
Recommended Range: less than 100 mg/dl
HDL
High Density lipoproteins- “good” cholesterol that carries cholesterol from the cells to the liver for removal from the body.
Recommended Range: less than 40 mg/dl
Triglycerides
plasma lipids different from cholesterol; fats that flow through the body after meals.
Recommended Range: less than 150 mg/dl
DASH diet
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
- low in total and saturated fat compared to a more typical US diet.
- rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat diary foods
- Used to lower blood pressure
effects of smoking and heart diseases
- Nicotine overstimulates the heart. -Carbon monoxide reduce the oxygen supply to the heart.
- Tars and other smoke residues increase the risk of cholesterol build-up in the arteries.
- Smoking increases blood clotting. Smoking causes irreversible damage to the arteries.
The Path of the blood to and from the heart
Right Atrium :Receives oxygen poor blood through the superior and inferior vena cava.
Right Ventricle :Pumps blood in need of oxygen to the lungs.
Left Atrium : Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left Ventricle :Pumps blood rich in oxygen through the aorta to the arteries to nourish the body system.
Signs of Stroke
weakness, numbness or paralysis on one side of the body
loss or dimming of vision, particularly in one eye
loss of speech, or difficulty speaking or understanding speech
sudden, severe headache
sudden dizziness, unsteadiness, or episodes of falling.
Signs of Heart Attack
uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing,or pain in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back.
pain that spreads to the shoulders, neck, or arms
Chest discomfort with light headedness, fainting, sweating, nausea, or shortness of breath
Thrombus
- a stationary blood clot
- can cause coronary thrombosis
Embolus
- a floating blood clot
- can cause coronary embolism
Systolic pressure
the higher number in the blood pressure reading, which is the pressure exerted by the blood on the artery walls when the left ventricle contracts
Diastolic pressure
the lower number in the blood pressure reading, which is the pressure exerted on he artery walls when the left ventricle relaxes.
normal blood pressure
less than 120/80 mm Hg
