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Science Y2 > HRS > Flashcards

HRS Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormones drive male and female changes

A

Testosterone; Oestrogen

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2
Q

Function of scrotum

A

Keep testis slightly below body temp

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3
Q

Function of testis

A

Produce sperms & testosterone

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4
Q

Function of sperm duct

A

Transport sperm from testis to urethra

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5
Q

Function of urethra

A

Provides common passage for discharge of semen and urine

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6
Q

Function of penis

A

Transfers semen to female for sexual intercourse

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7
Q

Function of seminal glands

A

Produce seminal fluid

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8
Q

Function of oviduct

A

Site of fertilisation

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9
Q

Function of ovary

A

Produces ova and oestrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

Function of uterus

A

Site of implantation and fetus development

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11
Q

Function of cervix

A

Entrance to uterus from vagina

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12
Q

Function of vagina

A

Holds the penis during sexual intercourse to receive sperm cells
Birth canal for fetus

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13
Q

Amount of cytoplasm in sperm vs egg

A

very little; abundant, contains stored nutrients

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14
Q

What happens during menstruation

A

Uterine lining breaks down
Uterine lining is shed out of the body together with blood

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15
Q

What happens on day 6 to 13 of menstrual cycle

A

Oestrogen stimulates repair and growth of uterine lining
Uterine lining is thick and spongy with blood vessels

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16
Q

What happens during ovulation

A

Release of mature ovum into oviduct

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17
Q

What are the three days before and after ovulation known as

A

Fertile period

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18
Q

What does the ovary secrete after ovulation

A

Progesterone

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19
Q

What is the function of progesterone

A

Maintains and further thickens uterine lining

20
Q

What does the embryo get from the uterine lining when implanted

A

Nutrients and oxygen for growth

21
Q

What happens if fertilization does not take place

A

Ovaries stop producing progesterone
Uterine lining breaks down -> menstruation starts again

22
Q

What is the process of the male depositing semen into the vagina known as

A

Ejaculation

23
Q

When and where does fertilization occur

A

Nucleus of sperm fuses with nucleus of ovum to form a zygote. Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct

24
Q

Which birth control method is not typically considered a contraception method and why

A

Rhythm method and withdrawal method as highly unreliable

25
Q

What is the withdrawal method

A

The act of removing the penis before ejaculation

26
Q

How is the withdrawal method unreliable

A

Pre-ejaculate may contain some sperm cells and is highly dependent on man’s ability to withdraw penis on time

27
Q

Which method is most effective in prevention of STIs

A

Using a male condom

27
Q

How is the rhythm method unreliable

A

There may be natural variation in length of menstrual cycles due to emotional stress or other factors

27
Q

What is the rhythm method

A

Avoidance of sexual intercourse during fertile period

27
Q

How does the male condom prevent birth

A

It prevents the sperms from entering the vagina and thus fertilisaton

27
Q

What type of birth control methods are condoms, diaphragm and intra-uterine devices known as

A

Mechanical

27
Q

How does an intra-uterine device work

A

Coil or loop of plastic inserted into uterus and prevents the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall

27
Q

What are spermicides and how do they prevent fertilization of egg

A

Cream, jelly, foam or tablet that kills sperm, thus preventing fertilization. Used with condoms or diaphragms

28
Q

How is a diaphragm used and how does it prevent fertilisation

A

Worn over the cervix during sexual intercourse. It prevents sperm cells from getting into the uterus and meeting the egg at the oviduct and thus fertilisation

29
Q

What are contraceptive pills and how do they prevent fertilization of egg

A

Contain oestrogen-like and progesterone-like hormones and prevents ovulation

30
Q

What type of birth control methods are spermicides and contraceptive pills known as

A

Chemical

31
Q

What is vasectomy and how does it work

A

Sperm ducts are cut and tied. Prevents ejaculation of sperm cells and thus prevents fertilisation

32
Q

What is tubal ligation and how does it work

A

Both oviducts are cut and tied. Prevents sperm in the uterus from reaching the egg at the oviduct and thus prevents fertilisation

33
Q

How are STIs transmitted

A

-Through the exchange of semen and vaginal fluid
-When blood of an infected person gets into an uninfected person through open wounds
-From an infected pregnant mother to her unborn fetus during childbirth or breast-feeding
-Some can be transmitted through direct skin contact

34
Q

What are the possible long-term effects of syphilis

A
  • Major brain and heart damage
  • Blindness
  • Paralysis
  • infertility
35
Q

What are the possible long-term effects of gonorrhea

A
  • infertility
  • long-term abdominal or pelvic pain
36
Q

What are the possible long-term effects of HIV

A
  • Development into AIDS -> weakened immune system
  • complications from other infections
  • death
37
Q

What type of infection are syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV respectively

A

Bacterial; Bacterial; Viral

38
Q

How can syphilis, gonorrhea and HIV be treated respectively

A

Antibodies; antibodies; anti-retroviral therapy available but no cure

39
Q

How to control the spread of STIs

A
  • Abstain from sex
  • Have fewer partners
  • Male partners should wear condoms
  • Do not abuse drugs
  • Avoid sharing instruments which are likely to break the skin and be contaminated with blood
  • Go to reliable operators if getting a tattoo and make sure needle is sterilized otherwise insist on using a disposable needle

Science Y2 (13 decks)

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