HRS Flashcards
What hormones drive male and female changes
Testosterone; Oestrogen
Function of scrotum
Keep testis slightly below body temp
Function of testis
Produce sperms & testosterone
Function of sperm duct
Transport sperm from testis to urethra
Function of urethra
Provides common passage for discharge of semen and urine
Function of penis
Transfers semen to female for sexual intercourse
Function of seminal glands
Produce seminal fluid
Function of oviduct
Site of fertilisation
Function of ovary
Produces ova and oestrogen and progesterone
Function of uterus
Site of implantation and fetus development
Function of cervix
Entrance to uterus from vagina
Function of vagina
Holds the penis during sexual intercourse to receive sperm cells
Birth canal for fetus
Amount of cytoplasm in sperm vs egg
very little; abundant, contains stored nutrients
What happens during menstruation
Uterine lining breaks down
Uterine lining is shed out of the body together with blood
What happens on day 6 to 13 of menstrual cycle
Oestrogen stimulates repair and growth of uterine lining
Uterine lining is thick and spongy with blood vessels
What happens during ovulation
Release of mature ovum into oviduct
What are the three days before and after ovulation known as
Fertile period
What does the ovary secrete after ovulation
Progesterone
What is the function of progesterone
Maintains and further thickens uterine lining
What does the embryo get from the uterine lining when implanted
Nutrients and oxygen for growth
What happens if fertilization does not take place
Ovaries stop producing progesterone
Uterine lining breaks down -> menstruation starts again
What is the process of the male depositing semen into the vagina known as
Ejaculation
When and where does fertilization occur
Nucleus of sperm fuses with nucleus of ovum to form a zygote. Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct
Which birth control method is not typically considered a contraception method and why
Rhythm method and withdrawal method as highly unreliable
What is the withdrawal method
The act of removing the penis before ejaculation
How is the withdrawal method unreliable
Pre-ejaculate may contain some sperm cells and is highly dependent on man’s ability to withdraw penis on time
Which method is most effective in prevention of STIs
Using a male condom
How is the rhythm method unreliable
There may be natural variation in length of menstrual cycles due to emotional stress or other factors
What is the rhythm method
Avoidance of sexual intercourse during fertile period
How does the male condom prevent birth
It prevents the sperms from entering the vagina and thus fertilisaton
What type of birth control methods are condoms, diaphragm and intra-uterine devices known as
Mechanical
How does an intra-uterine device work
Coil or loop of plastic inserted into uterus and prevents the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall
What are spermicides and how do they prevent fertilization of egg
Cream, jelly, foam or tablet that kills sperm, thus preventing fertilization. Used with condoms or diaphragms
How is a diaphragm used and how does it prevent fertilisation
Worn over the cervix during sexual intercourse. It prevents sperm cells from getting into the uterus and meeting the egg at the oviduct and thus fertilisation
What are contraceptive pills and how do they prevent fertilization of egg
Contain oestrogen-like and progesterone-like hormones and prevents ovulation
What type of birth control methods are spermicides and contraceptive pills known as
Chemical
What is vasectomy and how does it work
Sperm ducts are cut and tied. Prevents ejaculation of sperm cells and thus prevents fertilisation
What is tubal ligation and how does it work
Both oviducts are cut and tied. Prevents sperm in the uterus from reaching the egg at the oviduct and thus prevents fertilisation
How are STIs transmitted
-Through the exchange of semen and vaginal fluid
-When blood of an infected person gets into an uninfected person through open wounds
-From an infected pregnant mother to her unborn fetus during childbirth or breast-feeding
-Some can be transmitted through direct skin contact
What are the possible long-term effects of syphilis
- Major brain and heart damage
- Blindness
- Paralysis
- infertility
What are the possible long-term effects of gonorrhea
- infertility
- long-term abdominal or pelvic pain
What are the possible long-term effects of HIV
- Development into AIDS -> weakened immune system
- complications from other infections
- death
What type of infection are syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV respectively
Bacterial; Bacterial; Viral
How can syphilis, gonorrhea and HIV be treated respectively
Antibodies; antibodies; anti-retroviral therapy available but no cure
How to control the spread of STIs
- Abstain from sex
- Have fewer partners
- Male partners should wear condoms
- Do not abuse drugs
- Avoid sharing instruments which are likely to break the skin and be contaminated with blood
- Go to reliable operators if getting a tattoo and make sure needle is sterilized otherwise insist on using a disposable needle
