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Science Y2 > HDS > Flashcards

HDS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are biological molecules and what do they contain?

A

Critically important molecules needed for organisms to survive; carbon

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2
Q

What are the 3 main nutrients in food

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

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3
Q

Molecule size of proteins

A

Very large

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4
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Immediate source of energy
Some make up fibre that the body cannot digest. Passes out undigested and forms the bulk of our faeces

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5
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Energy reserve and acts as insulation against heat loss from body

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6
Q

Size of carbohydrate molecules

A

Big/small

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7
Q

Function of proteins

A

Make new cells for body growth and repair worn out tissues

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8
Q

Size of lipid molecules

A

Often small

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9
Q

Definition of enzymes

A

Biological catalysts. Speed up the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being chemically changed at the end of reactions

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10
Q

What are the associated organs and glands in the digestive system

A

Liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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11
Q

What is the tube in the mammalian digestive system called

A

Alimentary canal

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12
Q

Definition of digestion

A

Process that breaks down large, insoluble, complex food substances into small, soluble, simple molecules

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13
Q

Why is digestion necessary

A

Turn complex food substances into smaller, soluble molecules that are small enough to be easily absorbed into the cells of the small intestine and rest of the body

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14
Q

What are the two types of digestion

A

Physical & chemical

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15
Q

What is physical digestion

A

Breaking up food into smaller pieces

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16
Q

List the physical digestion processes and what they are done by

A

Chewing (teeth), churning (stomach), bile emulsification

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17
Q

Why is physical digestion needed

A

Increase surface area to volume ratio of the ingested food so that enzymes can digest it more efficiently

18
Q

What does chemical digestion involve

A

Breaking down large molecules into small soluble molecules by digestive enzymes

19
Q

Why is chemical digestion needed

A

So small soluble molecules can be easily absorbed by cells in small intestine

20
Q

What do the salivary glands produce

A

Saliva

21
Q

Function of salivary amylase

A

Digest starch into maltose

22
Q

What is the optimum pH of salivary amylase

A

pH 7

23
Q

The tongue rolls up the chewed food into a ______

A

Bolus

24
Q

What moves the bolus along the oesophagus

A

Peristalsis (rhythmic wave-like contractions of the muscles)

25
Q

What is found in the gastric juice

A

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin

26
Q

Function of pepsin

A

Digests proteins into polypeptides

27
Q

Optimum pH of pepsin

A

pH 1

28
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile

29
Q

Where is bile stored and released

A

Gall bladder
Released into the small intestine via the bile duct

30
Q

Functions of bile

A

Emulsifies lipids by breaking up large fat droplets into tiny fat droplets -> increases surface area to volume ratio to increase rate of lipid digestion by lipases
Neutralise the acidic chyme from the stomach

31
Q

What does the pancreas produce

A

Pancreatic juice

32
Q

What digestive enzymes do the walls of the small intestine secrete

A

Carbohydrases
Peptidase
Intestinal Lipase

33
Q

What does the pancreatic juice contain

A

Pancreatic Amylase
Trypsin
Pancreatic Lipase

34
Q

Function of carbohydrases

A

Digest disaccharides into monosaccharides

35
Q

Function of pancreatic amylase

A

Digest starch to maltose molecules

36
Q

Function of peptidase

A

Digest polypeptides to individual units of amino acids

37
Q

What is one example of a carbohydrase and say its function

A

Maltase- Digest maltose to glucose molecules

38
Q

Function of trypsin

A

Digest proteins to polypeptides

39
Q

Function of intestinal lipase

A

Digest lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

40
Q

Function of pancreatic lipase

A

Digest lipids to fatty acids

41
Q

Where are faeces temporarily stored

A

Rectum

42
Q

What is the process of expelling the faeces via the anus called

A

Egestion

Science Y2 (13 decks)

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