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herbal practitioner > Hrbl- Module 1- History and Philosophy > Flashcards

Hrbl- Module 1- History and Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately when did Herbal Remedies get officially taken off the U.S. Pharmacopoeia?

A

After World war II

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2
Q

Difference between a herbalist and a Herbologist?

A

Herbalist: Collects, studies and uses plants
Herbologist: Collects and studies the uses of plants

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3
Q

What are the two words that sum up the philosophy of Herbal medicine according to our notes and give a brief explanation of each.

A

Respect and Balance

  • Respect the bodies ability to heal itself
  • Balance refers to the ability of herbs to treat not just the symptom but the entire well being of the afflicted person in order to achieve balance throughout the whole body.
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4
Q

What does the expression “Vital Force” in terms of Healing refer to?

A

Vital force is basically life energy, all practices outside conventional medicie recognize this as a healing force in all living things including herbs and plants which dispel this energy into the afflicted persons body when used as medicine and treats on more then one level.

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5
Q

Early Civilizations: Shaman vs. Healer

A

Shaman:

  • Male
  • Spiritual health
  • middleman between gods and his people

Healer:

  • Female
  • Tended to physical well being
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6
Q

The Middle East:

King Assurbanipal of Sumeria (2000 bc)

A
  • Compiled first known Materia Medica (250 herbs)
  • written was blood is the source of every vital function with the liver as the collecting center (the seat of life)
  • medicine based on Astrology
  • illness part of destiny
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7
Q

The Middle East:

The Ebers Papyrus- manuscript (approx 15 BC)

A
  • Egyptian document containing 877 medicines

- Also referenced spells and incantations of healing as well as God of Medicine Imhotep

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8
Q

Ancient Egyptian Medicine

A
  • Magico Religious
  • Belief that death and disease were not natural or inevitable
  • Caused by a supernatural evil, viewed as punishment
  • Use of Egyptian Shaman-Physicians who were required to cure using both magic (the main cure) and herbal remedies
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9
Q

The Middle East:

Imhotep

A
  • Egyptian God of Medicine (2980-2900 bc)

- Referenced in the “Ebers Papyrus”

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10
Q

The Middle East

Isis

A
  • Egyptian Goddess of Herbalism
  • Twin sister and Wife of Osiris
  • great magician, had the ability to (through the use of a series of invincible spells and by using Ra’s secret name) vanquish every sorcerer, destroy incantations and even raise the dead
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11
Q

The Middle East

Ayurvedic Medicine

A
  • Originated in India
  • replaced a medicinal system similar to ancient Egypts
  • Directly translated as the study of long life
  • Four main sacred texts called the Vedas: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharva-Veda
  • First organized approach to health based on natural phenomena
  • illness developed as a result of internal harmony: therefore prevention was emphasized
  • Influence can be seen all throughout modern and historical herbalism
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12
Q

The Middle East

The Charaka Samhita (document)

A
  • principle ayurvedic book on medicine
  • 582 Herbs
  • Ateast 2000 years old
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13
Q

The Middle East

-The Sushruta Samhita (Document)

A
  • Ayurvedic book of Surgery
  • 600 Herbal Remedies
  • Atleast 2000 years old
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14
Q

The Far East

-Prescription of Fifty-Two Ailments (book)

A
  • Largest book rcovered at Hunan Burial site (11 in total)
  • composed of 250 medical substances
  • said to be written before the end of 3rd century BC
  • underlying notion that disease is pproduced by spirits, ghosts and demons
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15
Q

The Far East

- Han Dynasty (25-220 AD)

A
  • by this time believed disease was caused by natural sources
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16
Q

The Far East

- Classic of the Materia Medica

A
  • compiled earlier than first century AD
  • 252 botanical, 45 mineral, 67 animal substances
  • first chinese book to focus on description of individual herbs
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17
Q

The Far East

-Shen Nung (2700 BC)

A
  • ingested any plant he saw and noted its effects.
  • it is said his ab. walls are so thin you could see their inner workings
  • Shen Nong Pen T’sao- one of the earliest known herbals published in 200 BC
  • -contained 365 herbs, non-toxic, mildly toxic, and toxic (emperor, minister and servant herbs)
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18
Q

The Far East

-Huang-Ti Nei-Ching (the yellow emperors classic of internal medicine) written in 3rd century BC

A
  • said to be written by fabled Yellow Emperor Huang-Ti

- expands on concepts such as Yin and Yang, five elements, etc

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19
Q

The Far East

- Sui Dynasty (589-618)

A
  • Over 20 herbals were chronicled in the Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi (bibliography of the history of Sui)
  • some books chronicled are– Zhong Zhi Yue Fa (how to cultivate herbs) and Ru Lin Cai Yue Fa (how to collect herbs in forest)
  • During this time chinese monks ventured into India (dissemination of knowledge)
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20
Q

The Far East

-Pen T’sao Jing Ji Zhu(commentaries on the herbal classic) (492 AD)

A
  • Compiled by Tao Hong Jing
  • Based on Shen Nong Pen T’sao Jing
  • 730 Herbs classified as: stone(minerals), grasses and trees, insects and animals, fruits and vegetable, grains, named but unused
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21
Q

The Far East

-The Tang (618-907 AD)

A
  • thought to be greatest dynasty in ch. History
  • Tang Xin Pen T’sao was the official materia medica of the Tang Dynasty– ch. first illustrated herbal. contained 844 entries
  • Many works were also made by independent citizens including the Yue Xing Pen T’sao (the book of herb properties) by Zhen Quan
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22
Q

The Far East

-Sun Simiao (581-682)

A
  • “king of Prescribers”
  • steeped himself in three pillars of chinese wisdombased on Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism
  • believed acupunctuure, moxibustion, and use of drugs made complete system of medicine
  • advocated prevention and pre-diagnosis
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23
Q

The Far East

-La shi Zhen (1518-15930

A
  • existed during ming dynasty (1368-1644)
    -Pen T’sao Kan Mu (herbal with commentary)
  • dedicated his life to travel for consult regarding local remedies
    -also consulted 277 herbals as well as classics, histories and others as ref.
    (440 books in all)
    -took him 27 years and 3 revisions
    -the herbal commentary consisted of 1.892 drugs, 376 described for first time, more than 11,000 prescriptions listed, 1160 drawings.
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24
Q

The Far East

Japan

A
  • chinese medicine brought to Japan via Korea
  • aAdapted during reign if emperor Ingyo (411-453 AD)
  • By the time of empress Suiko (592-628 AD) japanese envoys were being sent to china to study med.
  • Japanese began to develope “kampo’ during end of Muromachi Per. (1333-1573 AD)
  • kampo means “Han Method”= chinese med.
  • Practiced until 1875 when western med. became dominant.
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25
Q

The Mediterranean and Muslim World

-Ancient Greek Traditions

A
  • everything in Universe was comprised of the 4 elements
  • all elements existed in everything, just in different proportions.
  • two great opposing forces controlled and directied elements; Energy(positive, non-material, radiated outwards) and Matter (negative, material, radiated inwards)
  • the point at which these forces met was considered the beginning of life and the combination of these forces gave rise to the 4 elements.
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26
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

Asclepius (the healer)

A
  • the divine half of ancient greeks two most important names in medicine.
  • half-god
  • credited with evolving dietic cures, surgery, pharmacology and other various techniques.
  • mythological daughter #1 Panacea became personification of medicinal herbs. #2 Hygeia was embodiment of preventative health.
  • Hygeia was often depicted with her father to represent cure and prevention of disease.
  • Many temples built in his name. Those who neede healing would sleep near statues of the god , to heal or to get instructions on how to heal.
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27
Q

The Mediterranean and Muslim world

Hippocrates (460?-377? BC)

A
  • the mortal half of greeks two greatest personalities in medicine.
    -considered the father of medicine
  • His principles attempted to weed out various aspects of superstition in favour of applied logic and reason.
    -his treatments focused on person rather that disease.
  • he based his understanding of medicine on natural law. (not divinely afflicted)
    9should be familiar woth “The Oath Of Hippocrates”)
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28
Q

The Mediterranean and muslim world

Hippocrates and the four humours

A
  • health and disease seen as a question of humoural balance or imbalance.
  • foods and herbs classified on their abilities to affect natural homeostasis.
    four humours. 1) SANGUINE 2) MELANCHOLIC 3) PHLEGMATIC 4) CHOLERIC
29
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

The four humours

Sanguine

A
  • (air) hot/moist
  • qualities exhibited as the symptoms heat and moisture.
  • ruddy complexion, cheerful, confident, optimistic
  • tendency toward feverish and inflammatory disease
30
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

the four humours

Melancholic

A
  • (earth) cold/dry
  • opposing qualities of cold and dryness
  • pale complexion, heightened sensitivity and visionary tendencies
  • more susceptible to nervous and reproductive disorders
31
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

the four humours

Phlegmatic

A
  • (water) cold/moist
  • duller, slower and less sensitive than sanguine
  • tendency towards diseases associated with congestion, stagnation, rheumatic, and mucous conditions
32
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

the four humours

Choleric

A
  • (fire) Hot/dry
  • Opposite of phlegmatic
  • hot and fiery temperament, more easily angered.
  • tended to develope liver diseases, high blood pressure, rashess, sun sensitivity, burns and fevers with little perspiration
33
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

The hippocratic writings

A

-consists of sixty treatises
- some in several books varying widely in subject matter, style, and date.
subjects include pathology, embryology, gynecology, surgery and medical ethics
- impossible to identify which writings are authentic.
-seen as the collective efforts of many individuals and schools over a period of three centuries who contributed anonymously.

34
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

The Roman Empire

A
  • Instrumental in evolving group medicine in the form of hospitals. this was especially important for military.
  • one of the most important steps in roman medicine occured when julius caesar granted citizenship to foreign doctors. (46 bc)
  • Two most important figures in roman medicine; Dioscorides and Galen
35
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

Dioscorides (sometime in first century)

A
  • Born on Anazarbus (presently part of Turkey)
  • most significant contribution was his five botanical books entitled ‘De Materia medica’
  • vied for a change in diet, exercise and baths as preference too harsh drush drugs and surgery.
  • sought to cure “safely, swiftly, and pleasantly”
36
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

‘De Materia Medica’

A
  • Became foundation for all subsequent Materia Medicas for the next 1600 years
  • organized pattern of one plant, one chapter. (know pattern)
  • most significant aspect of his work was that he grouped the plants according to their physiological effects, (be familiar)
  • by classifying herbs in this way, Dioscorides raised herbal medicine beyond the purely empirical principle of finding a specific herb for a specific disease.
37
Q

The mediterranean and muslim world

Claudius Galen (131-200 AD)

A
  • studied medicine at famous school in alexandria
  • started as a physician to the gladiators, then rose to become personal physician to Marcus Aurelius.
  • Beleived strongly in Humoural system. Developed it further.
  • Promoted the idea of a cross with each branch represention hot, cold, wet, and dry and the perfect balance being in the middle.
  • classified all diseases and plants into these categories and recommended ue of opposites to counterbalance.
38
Q

Poisons; the Foundation of Ancient Pharmacy

Mithridaticum

A
  • developed for mithridates, king of pontos during the 1st century bc
  • shotgun antidote containing 54 ingredients
  • consisted of small amounts of various poisons for building immunity
  • used up to sixteenth century, known as health giver
  • ‘if your liver is getting impatient, buy the composition of mithridates, and you will live to eat figs and gather roses another year.”
39
Q

Poisons; the Foundation of Ancient Pharmacy

Theriacum

A

-Rome
Neros physician, Andromachus, attempted to improve on mithridaticum by increasing number of poisons from 54-70
-called ‘Theriacum’

40
Q

Poisons; the Foundation of Ancient Pharmacy

superstition

A

-customs and regulations pertaining to the harvesting of certain plants.
eg “do not look behind you as you pluck; this will deprive a plant of medical value.”
-many greek pharmacists insisted that stirring med. with the 4th finger was best—>thought to contain a vein that communicated directly with the heart.

41
Q

Poisons; the Foundation of Ancient Pharmacy

progression

A
  • originally greek doctors collected their own herbs and mixed drugs.
  • once the drug trade became worldwide they began to depend on wholesalers (for materials) and pharmacists (to mix).
  • pharmacists eventually found more profit in mixing cosmentics to physicians once again were made to mix their own drugs
42
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

- roman invasion of Celtic society

A
  • the work of Dioscorides and Galen became foundation of euro. herbalism through mid. ages and into renaissance.
  • when romans invaded celtic lands they brought their own system of philosophy and medicine.
  • drudidic practitioners were pushed to the side and their influence waned. (although, as a healing system, it continued to be practiced until 150 years ago)
43
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

-Europe and the dark ages

A

-roman empire crumbled and europe plunged into the dark ages.
-christianity had reached ireland and spread through Europe.
-druids were branded as witches and actively discouraged.
-literate monks kept grrek and poman healing alive.
- little new work was done
-the monks adhered to benedectine edict- removed much info about disease of spirit (possessions, demons,etc) this was seen as church domain and had no place in books of medicine.
- they took the soul out of healing, a separation of mind from body.
.

44
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

  • europe and the dark aged
  • christianity and the church
A
  • church discouraged practice of medicine, instead encouraged ‘faith healing’.
  • attempt to destroy/suppress ancient knowledge of natural medicine.
  • Monasteries became centres of simple herbal ‘folklore’ , became famous for maintaining their own herb gardens (“offinalis”)
  • men and women who continued to practice medicine and were not designated by church or state were branded as ‘warlocks’ and ‘witches’
  • this was seen as an act of rebellion
  • the inquisition and ‘witch-hunts’ became a convenient method of suppression.
45
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

-Middle Eastern and Arabian Countries

A
  • intellectual though was reaching its zenith.
  • plundered grrek and roman texts were translated into arabic in the 9th century AD, almost two centuries fter they were taken.
  • built on greco-roman medicine.
  • introduced to the west the chinese technique of chemically preparing minerals.
46
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

  • Middle eastern and arabian countries
  • Jami
A
  • principal storehouse of the Muslim Materia Medica
    -written by Ibn Baiar (died 1248 AD)
  • lists more than 2000 substances
    eventually this entire body of knowledge was reintro’d to europe by christian doctors travelling with crusaders.
47
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

  • Middle Eastern and arabian countries
  • Avicenna (980-1037)
A
  • considered one of the greatest Arabian medical thinkers
  • he codified the ‘rationale of opposing forces’.
  • solidified galen’s theory of opposite plant attributes to correct negative attributes of a disease.
  • studied astrology extensively
  • wrote many treatises on the on the importance of astrology to medicine.
48
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

  • Europe and the Renaissance (begin. early 1400’s)
  • Paraseclus
A
  • Phillipus Theoprastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
  • great fan of tonic medicines.
  • popularized concept known as ‘doctrine of signatures’
  • this doctrine suggests that plant, or part of it, will look like the disease it can treat.
  • refuted ancient theories of dioscorides, Galen, and hippocrates—>publicly burned their books .
  • promoted empirical and objective model of med.
  • often considered to be originator of modern allopathic med.
49
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

-Alchemy

A
  • started as search for philosophers stone (said to transform base substances to gold.)
  • many new chemicals discovered
  • this led to investigations into medicinal properties.
  • things like lead, arsenic, vitreol were given to prisoners and asylum patients to see effects.
50
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

-Syphillis and ‘Heroic Medicine’

A

-syp was the scourge of europe during this time.
-it was not understood because it occurs in 3 distinct phases over a long period of time, making it impossible to track.
-Alchemical doctors thought mercury would cure the disease if given in high doses.
this caused patients to salivate five buckets of fluid daily
-so called “heroic medicine’ because it took a brave doctor and patient to administer undergo treatment.
doctors eventually became known as ‘quacksilvers’

51
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

- herbal medicine under the reign of King Henry VIII

A
  • dispute between modern alchemical and traditional botanical practitioners
  • a charter of rights for herbalists was proclaimed law and served to silence critics of herbal medicine. (p.23)
  • -encouraged, herbal medicine flourished in England
52
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

  • herbal medicine under the reign of King Henry VIII
  • John Gerard
A
  • in 1597, john gerard published his vast herbal, one of the first to contain any original material since Galen
  • describes 3500 plants, many of them new arrivals that english explorers were just beginning to ‘discover’.
53
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

- Nicholas Culpeper (early 1600’s)

A

-trained at Cambridge, fluent in latin.
had aspirations of being a doctor but were thwarted by his social standing.
his lover’s carriage was struck by lighting
-this tragedy caused him to ‘throw caution to the wind’ and he started his own med. practice.
-translated the ‘london Pharmacopoeia’ from latin to english—> this made the imformation available to more that classically trained scholars.
-common folk loved him, his colleagues despised him.
-:-he violated solemn oath of londons college of physicians by translatingsome of the elitist works of that period. (eg. the pharmacopoeia he retitled ‘a physicall directory’)

54
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

- Nicholas Culpeper’s Herbal (1652)

A
  • associated each plant and each disease with a planet and ascribed astrological principals to healing
  • he wrote from a wealth of practical knowledge
  • easily understood and followed
  • gone through over forty editions and is still a steady seller.
55
Q

Herbalism During the Middle Ages

- Dr. William Withering

A

-doctor and botanist
-first to isolate an active constituent from a plant.
a study of foxglove on dropsy (cardiac edema) led to the isolation of cardio-active Glycosides.—> found to contain “the potent active force.”
-eventually only licensed practitioners could use it, resulting in it being the first herb lost to the herbalists.

56
Q

Herbalism in the New World

Relationship between the Natives and the Settlers in regards to herbal Medicine

A
  • Natives shared their plant lore with the settlers

- Eventually 130 out of 296 substances in the US Pharacopoeia were commonly used by native americans

57
Q

Herbalism in the New World

State of Medical Practice in the US in the 1800’s before Thompsonian Medicine

A

-poor, lack of knowledge, poor hygiene and overuse of dangerous and toxic remedies (mercury, bleeding, opium, arsenic, etc)

58
Q 
Herbalism in the New World
Samuel Thompson (1769-1843)
A
  • poorly educated farmer
  • saw awful medical care and was driven to create a herbal alternative
  • particularly respected hippocratic writing
  • Believed medicine should be based exclusively on observation
59
Q

Thompsonian Medicine

A
  • Based on the belief that disease was caused by imbalanced “vital fluids” caused by loss of “animal heat”
  • by restoring heat, toxic obstructions would be thrown into stomach where they could be destroyed using emetics.
  • sought to treat underlying cause of illness and also implied that treating symptoms would hinder recovery
  • remedies included native american sweat baths and many herbal remedies
60
Q

Eclecticism

A
  • founded by wooster beach
  • was basically a mixture of conventional and herbal medicine
  • treats group or pattern of symptoms and as the disease progresses a more appropriate remedy would be prescribed (system of homeopathic medicine today).
61
Q

Herbalism in the New World

Wooster Beach (1794-1868)

A
  • Founder of Eclecticism and the school of “reformed medicine”
  • Didn’t like thompsons idea that no further learning was necessary in medicine
  • Realized the importance of the blood and circulatory system in the maintenance of health
62
Q

Herbalism in the New World

W.H. Cook (1879)

A
  • Eclectic Physician who expanded on the idea of the correlation between the nervous and circualtory systems
  • also developed theory that trophic (structural) and/or functional tone in organs were also necessary to look at and treat
63
Q

Herbalism in the New World

Hanheman (1810)

A
  • Founder of homeopathy
  • Wrote about the merits of prescribing for the “totality” of symptoms as opposed to the treatment of individual symptoms
  • Also using small doses of a single remedy was a characteristic of traditional homeopathy
64
Q

John Uri Lloyd

A

-Lloyd Brothers Pharmacy: upon closing the library remained open and is now considered the Vatican fir Herbalists. It contains the entire Eclectic Medical Library as well as some of the most outstanding books on Herbalism and Botany

65
Q

Herbalism in the New World

Other Notable People in Eclecticism

A

Harvey WIckes Felter (1865-1927)
Finley Ellingwood (1852-1920)
Eli G Jones (1850-1933)

66
Q

Herbalism in the New World

Physiomedicalism

A
  • neo-thompsoniam movement
  • Not as heavily influenced by science as eclecticism but founder, Alva Curtis, also felt that thompsons resistances to the development of theories was wrong
  • Organic function was looked upon as the collective expression of the vital force acting through cellular metabolism to maintain overall well being. The focus was put on supporting the vital force and removing toxins that inhibited it from doing its job
  • It was also eventually realize din this school of thought that some symptoms were a positive sign of detoxification and reconstruction while others were signs of something inhibiting the body from them
  • was also eventually understood that the body was able to develop tolerance to toxins to a degree.
  • By the end of the 19th century this school of thought could be described as a system that emphasized the role of herbal remedies in supporting the vital force, balancing circulation, modifying and enhancing body functions and restoring optimum structural conditions and in eliminating toxins
67
Q

Alva Curtis

A
  • Founder of Physiomedicalism

- Former assistant to Thompson

68
Q

W.H. Cook

A

Work helped develop the theory that if health was essentially the balance of all the cells and tissues in the body then the circulatory system and blood must be very important, both for the delivery of nutrients and the removal of waste
-therefore if there was an excess of blood somewhere in the body there must be a insufficient amount elsewhere in the body

69
Q

Women and Herbal Medicine

A
  • Women were the primary healers in most communities up until modern times
  • Many women healers were prosecuted as witches in the Inquisition or the “WItch hunts” between the 14th and 17th centuries. This was convenient for the advent of “Scientific Medicine” as well as it eventually discredited the peasant and lay healers female healers as “Old Wives”. Although they still existed heavily in the rural areas

herbal practitioner (5 decks)

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