HPS111-Topic 2-Motivation & Emotion-2016 Flashcards
What is 2x2 achievement goal theory?
A model of motivation in which each person can be described in terms of an achievement motivation profile involving four types of goals: mastery approach, ego approach, mastery-avoidance, and ego-avoidance goals.
Achievement goal theory is
A theory of achievement motivation that stresses the goals (ego versus mastery) and motivational climates that influence achievement strivings.
Anorexia Nervosa is
An eating disorder involving severe and sometimes fatal restriction of food intake.
Approach-approach conflict is
a conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted to two incompatable positive goals.
Approach-avoidance conflict is
A conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted and repelled by the same goal.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict is
A conflict in which an individual must choose between two undesirable alternatives.
Behavioural Activation System (BIS) is
A neural system that is activated by cues indicating potential reward and positive need gratification. Activity in this neural system causes the person to begin to increase movement toward positive goals in anticipation of pleasure.
Behavioural inihibition system (BIS) is
A neural system that is activated by cues indicating potential pain, non-reinforcement and punishment. Activity in this neural system produces fear, inhibition of behaviour as well as escape and avoidance behaviours.
Bulimia nervosa is
An eating disorder that involves a repeated cycle of binge eating followed by purging of the food.
Cannon-Bard theory is
A theory of emotion that proposed that the thalamus sends simultaneous messages to the cortex (producing the experience of emotion) and to the viscera and skeletal muscles, producing actions and physiological responses.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is
A peptide (hormone) that helps produce satiety and cessation of eating.
Cognitive appraisal is
The process of making judgements about situations, personal capabilities, likely consequences and personal meaning of consequences.
Cultural display rules are
Cultural norms that regulate when and how emotions are expressed.
Drive is
A state of internal tension that motivates an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension.
Ego-approach goals are
an achievement orientation that focuses on being judged successful as a result of outperforming others.
Ego-avoidance goals are
An achievement orientation that focuses on avoiding negative judgements by self or others due to failing to outperform others.
Ego-orientation is
an achievement goal orientation in which success is defined in terms of how well one compares with others and ‘wins out’.
Eliciting stimuli are
internal or external cues that evoke an emotional response.
Emotions are a
pattern of cognitive, physiological and behavioural responses to situations and events that have relevance to important goals or motives.
Expectancy X value theory is
a cognitive theory stating that goal-directed behaviour is jointly influenced by (1) the person’s expectancy that a particular behaviour will contribute to reaching the goal and (2) how positively or negatively the person values the goal.
Expressive behaviours are
observable behaviour that accompanies subjectively experienced emotions.
Extrinsic motivation is
motivation to perform a behaviour to obtain external rewards and reinforcers, such as money, status, attention.
Facial feedback hypothisis states that
somatic feedback from facial muscles to the brain influences emotional experience.
Fundamental emotional patterns are
basic emotional response patterns that are believed to be innate.
Glucose is
a simple sugar that is the body’s (and especially the brain’s) major source of useable food.
Happiness is
influenced by both environmental and personality factors.
Homeostasis is the
maintanance of biological equilibrium, or balance, within the body.
Incentive is an
environmental stimulus or condition that motivates behaviour.
Instinct is an
inherited characteristic, common to all members of a species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus.
Instrumental behaviours in emotion are
coping behaviours that are directed at achieving the goal or performing the task that is relevant to the emotion.
Intrinsic motivation is
the motivation to perform a task simply because one finds it interesting or enjoyable for its own sake.
James-Lange theory is a
theory of emotion that proposed that emotional experience is based on a person’s perception of her or his bodily responses.
Leptin is a
hormone secreted by fat cells that decreases general appetite.
Mastery-approach goals are
goals related to the desire to master a task and learn new knowledge and skills.
Mastery-avoidance goals are
goals that reflect a fear of not performing up to one’s own standards.
Mastery orientation is an
achievement goal-orientation in which success is defined in terms of personal improvement and enjoyment rather than in terms of comparisons with the performance of others.
Metabolism is
the rate of energy expenditure by the body.
Motivational climate is
the achievement context created by adults. In an ego-involving climate, performers are compared with one another and urged to compete at their best; those who perform best get special attention. In a mastery-involving climate, effort, enjoyment of the activity and personal improvement are emphasised and rewarded.
Need for achievement is
the desire to accomplish tasks and attain standards of excellence.
Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a
cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus packed with receptor sites for transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite.
Self-actualisation in humanistic theories is
an inborn tendency to strive toward the realisation of one’s full potential.
Self-determination theory in humanistic theory was
formulated by Deci and Ryan and focusses on three fundamental psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Set point is a
biologically determined standard around which body weight (or, more specifically, our fat mass) is regulated.
Sexual dysfunction is
chronic, impaired sexual functioning that distresses a person.
Sexual orientation is
a person’s emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex.
Sexual response cycle is
a physiological response to sexual stimulation that involves stages of excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution.
Social comparison is the
act of comparing one’s personal attributes, abilites and opinions with those of other people.
Two-factor theory of emotion is
Schatcher’s theory stating that intensity of physiological arousal determines perceived intensity of emotion, whereas appraisal of environmental cues tells us which emotion we are experiencing.
