HPS111-Topic 2-Motivation & Emotion-2016

Question 1

What is 2x2 achievement goal theory?

Answer 1

A model of motivation in which each person can be described in terms of an achievement motivation profile involving four types of goals: mastery approach, ego approach, mastery-avoidance, and ego-avoidance goals.

Question 2

Achievement goal theory is

Answer 2

A theory of achievement motivation that stresses the goals (ego versus mastery) and motivational climates that influence achievement strivings.

Question 3

Anorexia Nervosa is

Answer 3

An eating disorder involving severe and sometimes fatal restriction of food intake.

Question 4

Approach-approach conflict is

Answer 4

a conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted to two incompatable positive goals.

Question 5

Approach-avoidance conflict is

Answer 5

A conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted and repelled by the same goal.

Question 6

Avoidance-avoidance conflict is

Answer 6

A conflict in which an individual must choose between two undesirable alternatives.

Question 7

Behavioural Activation System (BIS) is

Answer 7

A neural system that is activated by cues indicating potential reward and positive need gratification. Activity in this neural system causes the person to begin to increase movement toward positive goals in anticipation of pleasure.

Question 8

Behavioural inihibition system (BIS) is

Answer 8

A neural system that is activated by cues indicating potential pain, non-reinforcement and punishment. Activity in this neural system produces fear, inhibition of behaviour as well as escape and avoidance behaviours.

Question 9

Bulimia nervosa is

Answer 9

An eating disorder that involves a repeated cycle of binge eating followed by purging of the food.

Question 10

Cannon-Bard theory is

Answer 10

A theory of emotion that proposed that the thalamus sends simultaneous messages to the cortex (producing the experience of emotion) and to the viscera and skeletal muscles, producing actions and physiological responses.

Question 11

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is

Answer 11

A peptide (hormone) that helps produce satiety and cessation of eating.

Question 12

Cognitive appraisal is

Answer 12

The process of making judgements about situations, personal capabilities, likely consequences and personal meaning of consequences.

Question 13

Cultural display rules are

Answer 13

Cultural norms that regulate when and how emotions are expressed.

Question 14

Drive is

Answer 14

A state of internal tension that motivates an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension.

Question 15

Ego-approach goals are

Answer 15

an achievement orientation that focuses on being judged successful as a result of outperforming others.

Question 16

Ego-avoidance goals are

Answer 16

An achievement orientation that focuses on avoiding negative judgements by self or others due to failing to outperform others.

Question 17

Ego-orientation is

Answer 17

an achievement goal orientation in which success is defined in terms of how well one compares with others and ‘wins out’.

Question 18

Eliciting stimuli are

Answer 18

internal or external cues that evoke an emotional response.

Question 19

Emotions are a

Answer 19

pattern of cognitive, physiological and behavioural responses to situations and events that have relevance to important goals or motives.

Question 20

Expectancy X value theory is

Answer 20

a cognitive theory stating that goal-directed behaviour is jointly influenced by (1) the person’s expectancy that a particular behaviour will contribute to reaching the goal and (2) how positively or negatively the person values the goal.

Question 21

Expressive behaviours are

Answer 21

observable behaviour that accompanies subjectively experienced emotions.

Question 22

Extrinsic motivation is

Answer 22

motivation to perform a behaviour to obtain external rewards and reinforcers, such as money, status, attention.

Question 23

Facial feedback hypothisis states that

Answer 23

somatic feedback from facial muscles to the brain influences emotional experience.

Question 24

Fundamental emotional patterns are

Answer 24

basic emotional response patterns that are believed to be innate.

Question 25

Glucose is

Answer 25

a simple sugar that is the body’s (and especially the brain’s) major source of useable food.

Question 26

Happiness is

Answer 26

influenced by both environmental and personality factors.

Question 27

Homeostasis is the

Answer 27

maintanance of biological equilibrium, or balance, within the body.

Question 28

Incentive is an

Answer 28

environmental stimulus or condition that motivates behaviour.

Question 29

Instinct is an

Answer 29

inherited characteristic, common to all members of a species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus.

Question 30

Instrumental behaviours in emotion are

Answer 30

coping behaviours that are directed at achieving the goal or performing the task that is relevant to the emotion.

Question 31

Intrinsic motivation is

Answer 31

the motivation to perform a task simply because one finds it interesting or enjoyable for its own sake.

Question 32

James-Lange theory is a

Answer 32

theory of emotion that proposed that emotional experience is based on a person’s perception of her or his bodily responses.

Question 33

Leptin is a

Answer 33

hormone secreted by fat cells that decreases general appetite.

Question 34

Mastery-approach goals are

Answer 34

goals related to the desire to master a task and learn new knowledge and skills.

Question 35

Mastery-avoidance goals are

Answer 35

goals that reflect a fear of not performing up to one’s own standards.

Question 36

Mastery orientation is an

Answer 36

achievement goal-orientation in which success is defined in terms of personal improvement and enjoyment rather than in terms of comparisons with the performance of others.

Question 37

Metabolism is

Answer 37

the rate of energy expenditure by the body.

Question 38

Motivational climate is

Answer 38

the achievement context created by adults. In an ego-involving climate, performers are compared with one another and urged to compete at their best; those who perform best get special attention. In a mastery-involving climate, effort, enjoyment of the activity and personal improvement are emphasised and rewarded.

Question 39

Need for achievement is

Answer 39

the desire to accomplish tasks and attain standards of excellence.

Question 40

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a

Answer 40

cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus packed with receptor sites for transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite.

Question 41

Self-actualisation in humanistic theories is

Answer 41

an inborn tendency to strive toward the realisation of one’s full potential.

Question 42

Self-determination theory in humanistic theory was

Answer 42

formulated by Deci and Ryan and focusses on three fundamental psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

Question 43

Set point is a

Answer 43

biologically determined standard around which body weight (or, more specifically, our fat mass) is regulated.

Question 44

Sexual dysfunction is

Answer 44

chronic, impaired sexual functioning that distresses a person.

Question 45

Sexual orientation is

Answer 45

a person’s emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex.

Question 46

Sexual response cycle is

Answer 46

a physiological response to sexual stimulation that involves stages of excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution.

Question 47

Social comparison is the

Answer 47

act of comparing one’s personal attributes, abilites and opinions with those of other people.

Question 48

Two-factor theory of emotion is

Answer 48

Schatcher’s theory stating that intensity of physiological arousal determines perceived intensity of emotion, whereas appraisal of environmental cues tells us which emotion we are experiencing.