HPL Flashcards by Ernest Osei

What are the challenges of jets

-High Altitude
-High Speed
-Automation
-Multi-crew
-Personal obligations responsibility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)? Give an example.

A system that consists of the brain and spinal chord

Stimulus: a ball is thrown at you
Response: you catch it

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (CNS)?

Motor sensory nerves. It is subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous system.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is somatic nervous system?

Conscious functions

E.g body movement and sensing external stimuli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Autonomic nervous system?

Unconscious functions

E.g control blood vessels, heart rate, breathing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a sensory threshold?

The level of which the intensity of a stimulus is sufficient to generate a response in the organism.

Eg a ball is throught at you as a stimulus and you catch it as a response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is pulmonary?

The lungs

Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is coronary?

The heart

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the Cardiovascular system compromise of?

The heart > pump
Blood vessels > interconnected channels
Blood > carries the nutrients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the of blood vessels?

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is sensory adaptation?

A decrease in physiological response due to continued exposure to a stimulus.

E.g wearing a watch and forgetting that its on your wrist.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is sensory habituation?

Getting used to something you become unaware of it?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is habituation?

A decrease in the physiological and behavioural response as a result to repeated exposure to a stimuli.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s a Prorioceptors

The relative motion and relative position of body parts

E.g allows you to operate a switch without looking at it.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s subcutaneous Pressure receptors?

Sense how much pressure is being exerted on the surface of the body.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Whats is mechanoreceptors?

Sensors inside tendons close to their attachment points
They allow find control of muscles

What is systolic blood pressure?

Systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart’s ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. It is the first or top number in a blood pressure reading. This phase is known as systole.

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart’s ventricles are at rest between beats, during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle. This phase is known as diastole.

What are Baroreceptors (Presscreceptors)

Specialized sensory neurons located in the walls of blood vessels, particularly in the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch. They play a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure by sensing changes in the stretch of the vessel walls due to blood pressure fluctuations.

What is angina?

Build up of plaque that causes chest pain
Restricted blood supply to the heart
Insufficient oxygen

What are the causes of hypertension?

Family
Dietary factors
Narrowing/hardening of arteries
Obesity
Stress
Shortness of breath
Angina
Headaches
Nose bleeds

What are the causes of hypotension?

Time of day
Age
Temperature
Any medication
Genetics
Injury
Fatigued
Fainting
Dizziness
syncope- standing up really fast

what is subcutaneous pressure receptors

Sense how much pressure is being exerted on surface of body.

What is accommodation?

Can be called ‘final focusing’

The ciliary muscles change the lens shape for final focusing in the retina.

The changing shape of the lens to focus on the retina.

Describe the distribution of rod and cone cells in the retina. (Photoreceptors)

Cones are concentrated at the fovea to resolve the highest detail (colours). Rods lie around the rest of the retina to resolve black and white, low-level light and are also sensitive to movement. (Photopic vision) Cones are most concentrated around the fovea; Rods are more concentrated around the rest of the retina. (Scotopic vision)

What is the difference between the iris and pupil?

Iris. This part contains the muscles that control the size of your pupil. It’s also responsible for eye color. Pupil. This is the black circle inside the iris. It’s like an adjustable window to the inside of your eye. It widens and narrows to control how much light enters your eye.

Outline the difference between binocular and monocular vision.

Monocular - a person with vision with only one eye cannot be accepted by EASA as fit to fly Binocular vision - two eyed vision (stereoscopic vision) for judging the distance of relatively close objects e.g. runway. only effective to about 6cm/200ft.

What is visual acuity? what are it factors? what limits it?

Visual acuity is the ability to resolve detail, depends on the photoreceptors density. its densest area is around the fovea Requirement of 20/20 or 6/6 vision with or without correction at 5 deg is falls by 1/2 (20/40) at 25 deg it falls to a tenth. Factors affecting; Angular distance Clarity of atmosphere e.g. dust, mist The distance of an object The size and contours of each object Limiting Factors; Age Hypoxia Alcohol Smoking

What's the retina?

This thin layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of your eyes converts light into electrical signals. It contains rods (which help you see in low light) and cones (which help you see colors).

What is hypoxic and anemic hypoxia

Hypoxic: reduced levels of atmosphere oxygen; lack of pressure required for diffusion Anaemic hypoxia: Anything that hinders carriage of oxygen/hemoglobin)

What is the graveyard spin?

How does the blood turn Alkaline from acidic

When too much co2 and oxygen is lost.

Threat Error Management

Errors- always influenced by crew Threats- not influenced by crew, happens during flight Undesired aircraft state - result of a crew behavior