HPL

Question 1

What are the challenges of jets

Answer 1

-High Altitude
-High Speed
-Automation
-Multi-crew
-Personal obligations responsibility

Question 2

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)? Give an example.

Answer 2

A system that consists of the brain and spinal chord

Stimulus: a ball is thrown at you
Response: you catch it

Question 3

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (CNS)?

Answer 3

Motor sensory nerves. It is subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous system.

Question 4

What is somatic nervous system?

Answer 4

Conscious functions

E.g body movement and sensing external stimuli

Question 5

What is Autonomic nervous system?

Answer 5

Unconscious functions

E.g control blood vessels, heart rate, breathing

Question 6

What is a sensory threshold?

Answer 6

The level of which the intensity of a stimulus is sufficient to generate a response in the organism.

Eg a ball is throught at you as a stimulus and you catch it as a response

Question 7

What is pulmonary?

Answer 7

The lungs

Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 8

What is coronary?

Answer 8

The heart

Question 9

What does the Cardiovascular system compromise of?

Answer 9

The heart > pump
Blood vessels > interconnected channels
Blood > carries the nutrients

Question 10

What are the of blood vessels?

Answer 10

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

Question 11

What is sensory adaptation?

Answer 11

A decrease in physiological response due to continued exposure to a stimulus.

E.g wearing a watch and forgetting that its on your wrist.

Question 12

What is sensory habituation?

Answer 12

Getting used to something you become unaware of it?

.

Question 13

What is habituation?

Answer 13

A decrease in the physiological and behavioural response as a result to repeated exposure to a stimuli.

Question 14

What’s a Prorioceptors

Answer 14

The relative motion and relative position of body parts

E.g allows you to operate a switch without looking at it.

Question 15

What’s subcutaneous Pressure receptors?

Answer 15

Sense how much pressure is being exerted on the surface of the body.

Question 16

Whats is mechanoreceptors?

Answer 16

Sensors inside tendons close to their attachment points
They allow find control of muscles

Question 17

What is systolic blood pressure?

Answer 17

Systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart’s ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. It is the first or top number in a blood pressure reading. This phase is known as systole.

Question 18

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 18

Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart’s ventricles are at rest between beats, during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle. This phase is known as diastole.

Question 19

What are Baroreceptors (Presscreceptors)

Answer 19

Specialized sensory neurons located in the walls of blood vessels, particularly in the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch. They play a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure by sensing changes in the stretch of the vessel walls due to blood pressure fluctuations.

Question 20

What is angina?

Answer 20

• Build up of plaque that causes chest pain
• Restricted blood supply to the heart
• Insufficient oxygen

Question 21

What are the causes of hypertension?

Answer 21

Family
Dietary factors
Narrowing/hardening of arteries
Obesity
Stress
Shortness of breath
Angina
Headaches
Nose bleeds

Question 22

What are the causes of hypotension?

Answer 22

Time of day
Age
Temperature
Any medication
Genetics
Injury
Fatigued
Fainting
Dizziness
syncope- standing up really fast

Question 23

what is subcutaneous pressure receptors

Answer 23

Sense how much pressure is being exerted on surface of body.

Question 24

What is accommodation?

Answer 24

Can be called ‘final focusing’

The ciliary muscles change the lens shape for final focusing in the retina.

The changing shape of the lens to focus on the retina.

Question 25

Describe the distribution of rod and cone cells in the retina. (Photoreceptors)

Answer 25

Cones are concentrated at the fovea to resolve the highest detail (colours). Rods lie around the rest of the retina to resolve black and white, low-level light and are also sensitive to movement. (Photopic vision)

Cones are most concentrated around the fovea; Rods are more concentrated around the rest of the retina. (Scotopic vision)

Question 26

What is the difference between the iris and pupil?

Answer 26

Iris. This part contains the muscles that control the size of your pupil. It’s also responsible for eye color.

Pupil. This is the black circle inside the iris. It’s like an adjustable window to the inside of your eye. It widens and narrows to control how much light enters your eye.

Question 27

Outline the difference between binocular and monocular vision.

Answer 27

Monocular - a person with vision with only one eye cannot be accepted by EASA as fit to fly

Binocular vision - two eyed vision (stereoscopic vision) for judging the distance of relatively close objects e.g. runway. only effective to about 6cm/200ft.

Question 28

What is visual acuity? what are it factors? what limits it?

Answer 28

Visual acuity is the ability to resolve detail, depends on the photoreceptors density. its densest area is around the fovea

Requirement of 20/20 or 6/6 vision with or without correction
at 5 deg is falls by 1/2 (20/40)
at 25 deg it falls to a tenth.

Factors affecting;
Angular distance
Clarity of atmosphere e.g. dust, mist
The distance of an object
The size and contours of each object

Limiting Factors;
Age
Hypoxia
Alcohol
Smoking

Question 29

What’s the retina?

Answer 29

This thin layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of your eyes converts light into electrical signals. It contains rods (which help you see in low light) and cones (which help you see colors).

Question 30

What is hypoxic and anemic hypoxia

Answer 30

Hypoxic: reduced levels of atmosphere oxygen; lack of pressure required for diffusion

Anaemic hypoxia: Anything that hinders carriage of oxygen/hemoglobin)

Question 31

What is the graveyard spin?

Question 32

How does the blood turn Alkaline from acidic

Answer 32

When too much co2 and oxygen is lost.

Question 33

Threat Error Management

Answer 33

Errors- always influenced by crew

Threats- not influenced by crew, happens during flight

Undesired aircraft state - result of a crew behavior