HPL Flashcards
What are the challenges of jets
-High Altitude
-High Speed
-Automation
-Multi-crew
-Personal obligations responsibility
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)? Give an example.
A system that consists of the brain and spinal chord
Stimulus: a ball is thrown at you
Response: you catch it
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (CNS)?
Motor sensory nerves. It is subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous system.
What is somatic nervous system?
Conscious functions
E.g body movement and sensing external stimuli
What is Autonomic nervous system?
Unconscious functions
E.g control blood vessels, heart rate, breathing
What is a sensory threshold?
The level of which the intensity of a stimulus is sufficient to generate a response in the organism.
Eg a ball is throught at you as a stimulus and you catch it as a response
What is pulmonary?
The lungs
Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
What is coronary?
The heart
What does the Cardiovascular system compromise of?
The heart > pump
Blood vessels > interconnected channels
Blood > carries the nutrients
What are the of blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
What is sensory adaptation?
A decrease in physiological response due to continued exposure to a stimulus.
E.g wearing a watch and forgetting that its on your wrist.
What is sensory habituation?
Getting used to something you become unaware of it?
.
What is habituation?
A decrease in the physiological and behavioural response as a result to repeated exposure to a stimuli.
What’s a Prorioceptors
The relative motion and relative position of body parts
E.g allows you to operate a switch without looking at it.
What’s subcutaneous Pressure receptors?
Sense how much pressure is being exerted on the surface of the body.
Whats is mechanoreceptors?
Sensors inside tendons close to their attachment points
They allow find control of muscles
What is systolic blood pressure?
Systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart’s ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. It is the first or top number in a blood pressure reading. This phase is known as systole.
What is diastolic blood pressure?
Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart’s ventricles are at rest between beats, during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle. This phase is known as diastole.
What are Baroreceptors (Presscreceptors)
Specialized sensory neurons located in the walls of blood vessels, particularly in the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch. They play a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure by sensing changes in the stretch of the vessel walls due to blood pressure fluctuations.
What is angina?
- Build up of plaque that causes chest pain
- Restricted blood supply to the heart
- Insufficient oxygen
What are the causes of hypertension?
Family
Dietary factors
Narrowing/hardening of arteries
Obesity
Stress
Shortness of breath
Angina
Headaches
Nose bleeds
What are the causes of hypotension?
Time of day
Age
Temperature
Any medication
Genetics
Injury
Fatigued
Fainting
Dizziness
syncope- standing up really fast
what is subcutaneous pressure receptors
Sense how much pressure is being exerted on surface of body.
What is accommodation?
Can be called ‘final focusing’
The ciliary muscles change the lens shape for final focusing in the retina.
The changing shape of the lens to focus on the retina.
Describe the distribution of rod and cone cells in the retina. (Photoreceptors)
Cones are concentrated at the fovea to resolve the highest detail (colours). Rods lie around the rest of the retina to resolve black and white, low-level light and are also sensitive to movement. (Photopic vision)
Cones are most concentrated around the fovea; Rods are more concentrated around the rest of the retina. (Scotopic vision)
What is the difference between the iris and pupil?
Iris. This part contains the muscles that control the size of your pupil. It’s also responsible for eye color.
Pupil. This is the black circle inside the iris. It’s like an adjustable window to the inside of your eye. It widens and narrows to control how much light enters your eye.
Outline the difference between binocular and monocular vision.
Monocular - a person with vision with only one eye cannot be accepted by EASA as fit to fly
Binocular vision - two eyed vision (stereoscopic vision) for judging the distance of relatively close objects e.g. runway. only effective to about 6cm/200ft.
What is visual acuity? what are it factors? what limits it?
Visual acuity is the ability to resolve detail, depends on the photoreceptors density. its densest area is around the fovea
Requirement of 20/20 or 6/6 vision with or without correction
at 5 deg is falls by 1/2 (20/40)
at 25 deg it falls to a tenth.
Factors affecting;
Angular distance
Clarity of atmosphere e.g. dust, mist
The distance of an object
The size and contours of each object
Limiting Factors;
Age
Hypoxia
Alcohol
Smoking
What’s the retina?
This thin layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of your eyes converts light into electrical signals. It contains rods (which help you see in low light) and cones (which help you see colors).
What is hypoxic and anemic hypoxia
Hypoxic: reduced levels of atmosphere oxygen; lack of pressure required for diffusion
Anaemic hypoxia: Anything that hinders carriage of oxygen/hemoglobin)
What is the graveyard spin?
How does the blood turn Alkaline from acidic
When too much co2 and oxygen is lost.
Threat Error Management
Errors- always influenced by crew
Threats- not influenced by crew, happens during flight
Undesired aircraft state - result of a crew behavior
