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Joeli Unit 4 > HPA and Menstruation > Flashcards

HPA and Menstruation Flashcards

1
Q

what is an integral part of homeostasis and hormone regulation

A

hypothalamic-pituitary communication

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2
Q

what connects the pituitary with the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum/pituitary stalk

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3
Q

between the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary, which one is glandular tissue

A

anterior pituitary is glandular tissue

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4
Q

between the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary, which one is neural tissue

A

posterior pituitary is neural tissue

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5
Q

between anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary, which one is a true endocrine organ

A

anterior pituitary is true endocrine organ

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6
Q

how does the anterior pituitary communicate with the hypothalamus (not the infundibulum)

A

via the hypophyseal portal system

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7
Q

between the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary, which one synthesizes hormones for release

A

anterior pituitary

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8
Q

between the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary, which is an extension of the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus

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9
Q

what 2 hormones are released from the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin
ADH

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10
Q

does the posterior pituitary produce hormones?

A

NO

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11
Q

Where is GnRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

What hormones are released due to GnRH

A

LH and FSH

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13
Q

Where are LH and FSH released from

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

what do LH and FSH act on

A

reproductive system

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15
Q

Effects of LH

A

stimulates production of sex hormones by gonads

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16
Q

Effects of FSH

A

Stimulates production of sperm and eggs

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17
Q

Where is TRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

What hormone is released due to TRH

A

TSH

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19
Q

What is the target of TSH

A

thyroid gland

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20
Q

what are the effects of TSH

A

stimulates the released of thyroid hormone (TH). TH regulates metabolism

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21
Q

Where is PRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

what hormone is released due to PRH

A

PRL

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23
Q

what is the target of PRL

A

mammary glands

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24
Q

what is the effect of PRL

A

promotes milk production

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25
Q

what is PRH inhibited by

A

PIH

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26
Q

where is GHRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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27
Q

what is released due to GHRH

A

GH

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28
Q

what is the target of GH

A

liver
bone
muscles

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29
Q

induces targets to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF) which stimulate body growth and a higher metabolic rate

A

GH

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30
Q

where is CRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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31
Q

What is released due to CRH

A

ACTH

32
Q

what is the target of ACTH

A

adrenal glands

33
Q

induces targets to produce glucocorticoids which regulate metabolism and the stress response

A

ACTH

34
Q

What is GHRH inhibited by

A

GHIH

35
Q

where are the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary produced from

A

hypothalamus

36
Q

what determines the rate of axon firing from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

A

internal and external stimuli

37
Q

what hormones are neurohormones

A

ADH
oxytocin

38
Q

what hormones allows for uterine contraction and milk ‘let-down’

A

oxytocin

39
Q

how many ova are present at birth in immature follicles

A

~2 million ova

40
Q

how many ova are present at puberty

A

~300,000-500,000 ova

41
Q

how many ova will reach maturity and be ovulated during a lifetime

A

~500 ova

42
Q

first menstruation

A

menarche

43
Q

average age and range for menstruation

A

average age: 12 years
range: 9-17 years

44
Q

first cycles are ____

A

anovulatory

45
Q

first cycles range from

A

10-60 days

46
Q

how long is a regular menstrual cycle

A

25-35 days

47
Q

cessation of menstruation

A

menopause

48
Q

phase that promotes follicle growth and proliferation of uterine lining

A

follicular/proliferative phase

49
Q

phase where we have corpus luteum and secretion/development of glands and blood vessels to make a more hospitable environment

A

luteal/secretory

50
Q

phase where corpus luteum turns into corpus albicans and we no longer signal to maintain a hospitable environment

A

ischemic/menses

51
Q

which cells convert cholesterol/fats to androgens and then can convert them to estrogen

A

theca cell

52
Q

what cell converts androgens to estrogen via FSH

A

granulosa cells

53
Q

what is the purpose of estrogen production by theca cells and granulosa cells

A

to produce enough estrogen to cause an LH surge to allow for ovulation

54
Q

effect of estrogen on cervical mucosa

A

abundant fluid secretions

55
Q

effect of progesterone on cervical mucosa

A

thick, sticky secretions

56
Q

effect of estrogen on fallopian tube

A

increased motility, ciliary

57
Q

effect of progesterone on fallopian tube

A

decreased motility

58
Q

primary amenorrhea for 13

A

failure of menarche by age 13 and lack of secondary sex characteristics

59
Q

primary amenorrhea for 15

A

failure of menarche by age 15 regardless of secondary sex characteristics

60
Q

primary amenorrhea for thelarche

A

failure of menarche three years after thelarche

61
Q

timeline to be diagnosed with secondary amenorrhea for woman with regular cycles

A

greater than or equal to 3 mos

62
Q

timeline to be diagnosed with secondary amenorrhea for woman with irregular cycles

A

greater than or equal to 6 mos

63
Q

most common cause of secondary amenorrhea

A

pregnancy

64
Q

common structural causes of secondary amenorrhea

A

hysterectomy
uterine ablation
endometrial adhesions
Asherman’s syndrome

65
Q

what is the second most common cause of secondary amenorrhea

A

hypothyroidism

66
Q

TRH binds to

A

both thyrotropes and lactotropes

67
Q

TRH binding to lactotropes

A

increases prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary

68
Q

prolactin causes negative feedback on GnRH

A

decreased GnRH –> decreased FSH and LH –> an ovulation –> amenorrhea

69
Q

what else is dopamine called

A

prolactin inhibiting factor/prolactin inhibiting hormone

70
Q

what type of medication can cause hyperprolactinemia

A

dopamine antagonist

71
Q

what labs will be low in someone with hyperprolactinemia

A

gonadotrophins
ovarian hormones

72
Q

eye finding in someone with prolactinoma

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

73
Q

elevations of what hormones can cause anovulation

A

progesterone
testosterone
DHEAS

74
Q

what hormone is elevated in anorexia nervosa

A

ghrelin

75
Q

what hormones are elevated in anorexia nervosa due to increased stress

A

CRH
ACTH
cortisol secretion

Joeli Unit 4 (6 decks)

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