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Metabolism > HPA and HTA > Flashcards

HPA and HTA Flashcards

1
Q

where are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland made?

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

what complex does the hypothalamus and pituitary form?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary axis

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3
Q

where is the pituitary found?

A

sella turcica

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4
Q

what is the embryonically origin of the posterior/anterior pituitary gland?

A

anterior - evagination of ectoderm

posterior - neuroectoderm

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5
Q

how is the posterior pituitary connected?

A

connected directly to hypothalamus

via pituitary stalk from infundibulum

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6
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

oxytocin - uterine contractions

antidiuretic hormone - reuptake of water kidneys

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7
Q

what cells produce the hormones form the posterior gland?

A

neurosecretory cells

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8
Q

what is the mediatory point before hormones are stored in the hypophyseal portal system?

A

median eminence

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9
Q

how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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10
Q

what function do the hormones released from the anterior pituitary display?

A

autocrine and paracrine

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11
Q

what is the anterior pituitary gland made up of?

A

hormone producing glandular cells

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12
Q

what are tropic hormones?

A

hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate release from anterior pituitary

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13
Q

what are the 6 tropic hormones?

A

prolactin
growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
lutenizing hormone (LH)

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14
Q

What feedback system regulates the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

negative

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15
Q

what are gonadotropes (LH and FSH) controlled by?

A

gonadotrope stimulating hormone

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16
Q

what are thyrotropes (TSH) controlled by?

A

tyrotrope stimulating hormone

17
Q

what are somatotropes (GH) controlled by?

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

18
Q

what are lactotropes (Prolactin) controlled by?

A

dopamin - inhibits

19
Q

explain the Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

A

hypothalamus releases corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)

stimulates the anterior pituitary

release of ACTH

stimulates adrenal gland releasing cortisol

causes negative feedback

20
Q

explain the Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis (HPT)

A

hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

stimulates anterior pituitary

releases TSH

stimulates thyroid releasing T4 and T3, increase metabolism

negative feedback

21
Q

what does t3 stand for?

A

triiodothyronine

22
Q

what does T4 stand for?

A

thyroxine

23
Q

explain hypothyroidism (hashimotos)

A

autoimmune

thyroid peroxidase turns iodine to iodide, destroy TSH receptors

symptoms - tiredness, dry skin, thin hair, bradycardia, goitre

manage - hormone replacement therapy

diagnosis - TSH level, thyroid functions

24
Q

explain hyperthyroidism (graves)

A

autoimmune

TSH receptor stimulating antibodies

symptoms - tachycardia, tremor, heat intolerance, protruding eyes

manage - carbimazole

diagnostic - decreased TSH, increases free T4

25
Q

explain Addisons disease?

A

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

symptoms - weight loss, weakness, low bp, pigmentation

manage - fluid replacement, hydrocortison

diagnostic - adrenal antibodies, ACTH

26
Q

what happens if Addisons disease is left untreated?

A

Hypoadrenal crisis: hypotension, hypoglycaemia, hyponatraemia, dehydration, hyperkalaemia

27
Q

explain cushings syndrome

A

group of symptoms occur after long exposure to cortisol

cushings disease - pituitary tumour, incr ACTH

symptoms - moon face, thin arms, striae

diagnostic - 24hr urine cortisol test, measurement of plasma cortisol and ACTH

28
Q

what is a syncathen test?

A

normally incr plasma cortisol,

wouldn’t see in Addisons disease

29
Q

what is a dexamethasone suppression test?

A

suppression of plasma cortisol >50% seen in cushings disease

Metabolism (9 decks)

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