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7 metabolism homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the biological rhythm?

A

rather than a set point its a steady value that varies over time, circadian rhythm

e.g) hormone cortisol varies - peak at 7am and through at 7pm

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2
Q

jet lag is controlled by what?

A

melatonin - released from pineal gland

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3
Q

What are the 4 different classifications of hormones

A

peptides - insulin

glycoproteins - LH/FSH

amino acid derivatives - TH/adrenaline

steroids - cortisol/aldosterone

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4
Q

anterior pituitary gland releases what hormones?

A

Thyroid simulating (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinising hormone (LH)
prolactin

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5
Q

physiological and metabolic pathway- insulin

A

promotes fuel storage post meal

glucose stored as glycogen, FA synthesis, AAs uptake and protein synthesis

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6
Q

physiological and metabolic pathway - glucagon

A

mobilises fuels and maintains blood glucose levels during fasting

activates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

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7
Q

physiological and metabolic pathway - adrenaline

A

mobilises fuel storages during acute stress

stimulates glucose production

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8
Q

physiological and metabolic pathway - cortisol

A

allows changing environments during stress

AAs mobilisation, gluconeogenesis and lipogenolysis

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9
Q

where is the control centre located?

A

arcuate nucleus within the hypothalamus

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10
Q

hormones that stimulate appetite

A

ghrelin

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11
Q

hormones that suppress appetite

A

leptin

peptide YY

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12
Q

examples of primary neurons

A

excitatory (OREXIGENIC) - stimulates appetite; releases NPY and AgRP peptides

inhibitory (ANOREXIGENIC) - suppress appetite; releases POMC (cleaved to α-MSH) and CART

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13
Q

biological need of having food because we are hungry…system?

A

episodic homeostatic system

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14
Q

involves having food because we feel like having food…system?

A

hedonic regulatory system (reward)

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15
Q

What are some weight loss therapies?

A

bariatric surgery

pharmacology (GLP-1)

dietary changes

increase in physical activity

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16
Q

what 3 components must the control system have and what are their requirements to maintain homeostasis?

A

control centre (hypothalamus) - must be able to compare a value to specific point

effector - must be able to change controlled variable

receptor - must be able to monitor a controlled variable

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17
Q

what are circadian hormones maintained by?

A

cortisol

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18
Q

negative feedback

A

decreases effect from stimulus

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19
Q

positive feedback

A

increases effect from stimulus
difficult to stop

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20
Q

system communications

A

paracrine - hormone acts locally

autocrine - hormone acts on releasing cell

endocrine - hormone acts at distant tissue

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21
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

pituitary/pineal/thyroid - head and neck

adrenal/pancreas/kidney - abdomen

gonads/uterus/placental - pelvis

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22
Q

how are hormones synthesised?

A

as preprohormone or prohormone and stored in vesicles

eg) preproinsulin

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23
Q

functions of pancreas

A

exocrine - produces digestive enzymes

endocrine - produces polypeptide hormones

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24
Q

How are inactive polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones activated

A

Through cleavage

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25
Hormone structure defines what (4)
How it is made How it is transported in blood How it interacts with receptors How it is inactivated
26
How are steroid hormones classified
Number of carbon atoms Number of double bonds Different side chains
27
How is glucagon secreted
Synthesised in RER Transported to Golgi Packed into secretory vesicles Secretory granules move to cell surface of alpha cells Release contents into blood via exocytosis
28
How is hormone secretion controlled
Endocrine cells stimulated chemically to release hormones
29
How is insulin stimulated
Feeding
30
How is the exchange between ICF and ECF controlled
membrane transport
31
How is the pancreas developed
Ventral pancreatic bud combines with dorsal pancreatic bud and forms main pancreatic bud
32
What are amino acid derivative hormones derived from
Tyrosine
33
What are examples of amino acid derivative hormones
Thyroid hormones Adrenaline
34
What are glycoprotein hormones
2 polypeptide chains (alpha and beta) with carbohydrate side chains
35
What are hormones
Chemical signals produced in the endocrine glands that travel in the bloodstream to affect other tissues
36
What are peptides hormones inactivated to
Degraded to amino acids
37
What are polypeptide hormones
Single chain polypeptides that vary in length
38
What are pro-hormones
Pre-cursors of polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones
39
What are some examples of glycoprotein hormones (4)
Thyroid stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin
40
What are some examples of polypeptide hormones
Thyrotropin releasing hormone Glucagon Insulin Growth hormone
41
What are some examples of positive feedback in the body(3)
Blood clotting cascade Ovulation Lactation
42
What are steroid hormones
Derived from cholesterol
43
What are the 2 different hormones that can be produced from cholesterol ester
Progestogens 7 dehydrocholesterol
44
What are the components of a control system
Receptor Control centre Effector
45
What are the components of ECF
Interstitial fluid Circulating fluid Specialised compartments
46
What are the effect of glucagon on glucagon target tissues
Liver-glycogenolytic Liver-gluconeogenic Liver-ketogenic Adipose-lipolytic
47
What are the hormone secreting sections in the head and neck(4)
Pituitary gland(posterior and anterior) Thyroid glands Parathyroid gland Pineal gland
48
What are the hormone secretory sections in the pelvis
Gonads (Ovary and testes) Uterus Placenta
49
What are the hormones secretory sections in the abdomen(4)
Adrenal cortex Pancreas Kidney Gut
50
What are the role of somatostatins
Inhibit islet secretions
51
What are the steps for insulin synthesis
Insulin gene transcribed to mRNA Insulin mRNA move to Ribosomes N-terminal sequence formed mRNA translated to preproinsulin Signal cleaved Proinsulin formed Proinsulin transport to Golgi to be cleaved to mature insulin and C peptide Insulin and C peptide put into vesicles
52
What are the target tissues of glucagon
Liver and adipose
53
What are the target tissues of insulin(3)
Skeletal muscle Liver Adipose
54
What can progestogens be converted to
Androgens Glucocorticoid Mineralcorticoids
55
What does binding of glucagon on G-protein coupled receptor activate
Production of cAMP
56
What does cAMP activate in glucagon action
Protein kinase A C-AMP response element binding transcription factor
57
What does cAMP activate in glucagon action
Protein kinase A C-AMP response element binding transcription factor
58
What does glucagon bind to on a cell
G protein coupled receptor
59
What does the control centre use to change the controlled variable
Effector until the set point is reached
60
What happens to inactivation of steroids and amino-acid derivative hormones
Small change in structure Recycled Excreted
61
what hormones does the endocrine portion of pancreas produce(3)
insulin and glucagon somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide
62
What is a transmembrane dimer
2 identical subunits spanning cell membrane
63
what is an annular pancreas
rare condition in which the second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue continuous with the head of the pancreas
64
What is ICF
Fluid inside the cells
65
What is negative feedback
Effect of the response to stimulus is to decrease the effect Effector switched off when switched point is reached
66
What is positive feedback
Response of stimulus is to increase effect Effector not switched off and goes out of control
67
What is required as a signal for insulin to be secreted
Intracellular calcium
68
What is required with chemical communication
Cell producing chemical messenger Target cell that has receptors for that specific receptor
69
What is steroid polarity wise
Hydrophobic
70
What is the action of a hormone if it can cross the cell surface membrane
Bind to receptors located inside the cell Receptor-hormone complex move Binding leads to metabolic changes
71
What is the action of a hormones if it cannot cross the cell surface membrane
Binds to receptor of the cell surface Activates second messenger system Exert metabolic effects
72
What is the composition of the transmembrane dimer subunit
1 alpha and 1 beta chain connected by disulphide bond
73
What is the effect of insulin on insulin sensitive tissue
Liver and muscle glycogenic Liver anti-gluconeogeneic Adipose anti-lipolytic Liver anti-ketogenic Increase in protein synthesis
74
What is the function of Ghrelin
Regulate appetite hunger
75
What is the function of the endocrine gland for the pancreas
Produce polypeptide hormones
76
What is the function of the exocrine gland of the pancreas
Produce digestive enzymes (amylase,lipase,protease)
77
What is the most common control of hormone secretion
Control by "Tropic" hormones
78
What is the pancreas divided into anatomically
Head Body Tail
79
What is the pancreas divided into histologically
Endocrine and exocrine gland
80
What is the polarity of adrenaline
Hydrophillic
81
What is the polarity of thyroid
Hydrophobic
82
What is the precursor of glucagon
Pre-proglucagon
83
What is the process of activation of insulin receptor
Conformational change in receptor Alpha chain wrap insulin Beta chains move together Beta chain active tyrosine kinase Phosphorylation cascade Activation of signalling pathways
84
What is the process of insulin secretion
High blood glucose Glucose transport into beta cell via GLUT2 (facilitated diffusion) Increase plasma glucose in beta cell Membrane depolarisation Influx of Calcium ions Increased cAMP Calcium ion trigger exocytosis of insulin containing secretory granules
85
What is the purpose of hormone transport
Good for coordinated multiple responses
86
What is the purpose of nervous communication
Rapid communication from point to point that is initiated by a chemical signal or a change
87
What is the role of the control system
Controls variables by maintaining them at an optimal level
88
What is the role of the endocrine pancreas
Maintain blood glucose at a constant and optimal level
89
what is the role of trophic hormones
stimulate growth (cell size/number) in the target tissue Control production of another hormone
90
What occurs as a result of activation of insulin receptors
Increased GLUT4 expression Increased glucose uptake
91
What type of contact when cells are close
Local diffusion of chemicals messengers
92
What type of contact when cells are far apart
Chemical messengers in the blood Electrical transmission
93
What type of contact when cells are touching
Cell surface chemicals
94
What type of feedback is hormone secretion
negative feedback
95
What type of receptor is insulin receptor
Tyrosine kinase receptor
96
when is glucagon stimulated
Fasting
97
Where does inactivation of hormones occur
Target tissue Liver
98
Where is adrenaline stored
Vesicles in adrenal medulla
99
Which hormones must bind to proteins
Steroids Thyroid hormones
100
Which hormones can be transported in the blood(3)
Polypeptide Glycoprotein Adrenaline

Metabolism (9 decks)

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