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Metabolism > 7 metabolism homeostasis > Flashcards

7 metabolism homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the biological rhythm?

A

rather than a set point its a steady value that varies over time, circadian rhythm

e.g) hormone cortisol varies - peak at 7am and through at 7pm

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2
Q

jet lag is controlled by what?

A

melatonin - released from pineal gland

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3
Q

What are the 4 different classifications of hormones

A

peptides - insulin

glycoproteins - LH/FSH

amino acid derivatives - TH/adrenaline

steroids - cortisol/aldosterone

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4
Q

anterior pituitary gland releases what hormones?

A

Thyroid simulating (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinising hormone (LH)
prolactin

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5
Q

physiological and metabolic pathway- insulin

A

promotes fuel storage post meal

glucose stored as glycogen, FA synthesis, AAs uptake and protein synthesis

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6
Q

physiological and metabolic pathway - glucagon

A

mobilises fuels and maintains blood glucose levels during fasting

activates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

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7
Q

physiological and metabolic pathway - adrenaline

A

mobilises fuel storages during acute stress

stimulates glucose production

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8
Q

physiological and metabolic pathway - cortisol

A

allows changing environments during stress

AAs mobilisation, gluconeogenesis and lipogenolysis

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9
Q

where is the control centre located?

A

arcuate nucleus within the hypothalamus

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10
Q

hormones that stimulate appetite

A

ghrelin

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11
Q

hormones that suppress appetite

A

leptin

peptide YY

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12
Q

examples of primary neurons

A

excitatory (OREXIGENIC) - stimulates appetite; releases NPY and AgRP peptides

inhibitory (ANOREXIGENIC) - suppress appetite; releases POMC (cleaved to α-MSH) and CART

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13
Q

biological need of having food because we are hungry…system?

A

episodic homeostatic system

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14
Q

involves having food because we feel like having food…system?

A

hedonic regulatory system (reward)

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15
Q

What are some weight loss therapies?

A

bariatric surgery

pharmacology (GLP-1)

dietary changes

increase in physical activity

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16
Q

what 3 components must the control system have and what are their requirements to maintain homeostasis?

A

control centre (hypothalamus) - must be able to compare a value to specific point

effector - must be able to change controlled variable

receptor - must be able to monitor a controlled variable

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17
Q

what are circadian hormones maintained by?

A

cortisol

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18
Q

negative feedback

A

decreases effect from stimulus

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19
Q

positive feedback

A

increases effect from stimulus
difficult to stop

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20
Q

system communications

A

paracrine - hormone acts locally

autocrine - hormone acts on releasing cell

endocrine - hormone acts at distant tissue

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21
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

pituitary/pineal/thyroid - head and neck

adrenal/pancreas/kidney - abdomen

gonads/uterus/placental - pelvis

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22
Q

how are hormones synthesised?

A

as preprohormone or prohormone and stored in vesicles

eg) preproinsulin

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23
Q

functions of pancreas

A

exocrine - produces digestive enzymes

endocrine - produces polypeptide hormones

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24
Q

How are inactive polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones activated

A

Through cleavage

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25
Q

Hormone structure defines what (4)

A

How it is made
How it is transported in blood
How it interacts with receptors
How it is inactivated

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26
Q

How are steroid hormones classified

A

Number of carbon atoms
Number of double bonds
Different side chains

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27
Q

How is glucagon secreted

A

Synthesised in RER
Transported to Golgi
Packed into secretory vesicles
Secretory granules move to cell surface of alpha cells
Release contents into blood via exocytosis

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28
Q

How is hormone secretion controlled

A

Endocrine cells stimulated chemically to release hormones

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29
Q

How is insulin stimulated

A

Feeding

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30
Q

How is the exchange between ICF and ECF controlled

A

membrane transport

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31
Q

How is the pancreas developed

A

Ventral pancreatic bud combines with dorsal pancreatic bud and forms main pancreatic bud

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32
Q

What are amino acid derivative hormones derived from

A

Tyrosine

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33
Q

What are examples of amino acid derivative hormones

A

Thyroid hormones
Adrenaline

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34
Q

What are glycoprotein hormones

A

2 polypeptide chains (alpha and beta) with carbohydrate side chains

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35
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical signals produced in the endocrine glands that travel in the bloodstream to affect other tissues

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36
Q

What are peptides hormones inactivated to

A

Degraded to amino acids

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37
Q

What are polypeptide hormones

A

Single chain polypeptides that vary in length

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38
Q

What are pro-hormones

A

Pre-cursors of polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones

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39
Q

What are some examples of glycoprotein hormones (4)

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Human chorionic gonadotropin

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40
Q

What are some examples of polypeptide hormones

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Glucagon
Insulin
Growth hormone

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41
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback in the body(3)

A

Blood clotting cascade
Ovulation
Lactation

42
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol

43
Q

What are the 2 different hormones that can be produced from cholesterol ester

A

Progestogens

7 dehydrocholesterol

44
Q

What are the components of a control system

A

Receptor
Control centre
Effector

45
Q

What are the components of ECF

A

Interstitial fluid
Circulating fluid
Specialised compartments

46
Q

What are the effect of glucagon on glucagon target tissues

A

Liver-glycogenolytic
Liver-gluconeogenic
Liver-ketogenic
Adipose-lipolytic

47
Q

What are the hormone secreting sections in the head and neck(4)

A

Pituitary gland(posterior and anterior)
Thyroid glands
Parathyroid gland
Pineal gland

48
Q

What are the hormone secretory sections in the pelvis

A

Gonads (Ovary and testes)
Uterus
Placenta

49
Q

What are the hormones secretory sections in the abdomen(4)

A

Adrenal cortex
Pancreas
Kidney
Gut

50
Q

What are the role of somatostatins

A

Inhibit islet secretions

51
Q

What are the steps for insulin synthesis

A

Insulin gene transcribed to mRNA
Insulin mRNA move to Ribosomes
N-terminal sequence formed
mRNA translated to preproinsulin
Signal cleaved
Proinsulin formed
Proinsulin transport to Golgi to be cleaved to mature insulin and C peptide
Insulin and C peptide put into vesicles

52
Q

What are the target tissues of glucagon

A

Liver and adipose

53
Q

What are the target tissues of insulin(3)

A

Skeletal muscle
Liver
Adipose

54
Q

What can progestogens be converted to

A

Androgens
Glucocorticoid
Mineralcorticoids

55
Q

What does binding of glucagon on G-protein coupled receptor activate

A

Production of cAMP

56
Q

What does cAMP activate in glucagon action

A

Protein kinase A
C-AMP response element binding transcription factor

57
Q

What does cAMP activate in glucagon action

A

Protein kinase A
C-AMP response element binding transcription factor

58
Q

What does glucagon bind to on a cell

A

G protein coupled receptor

59
Q

What does the control centre use to change the controlled variable

A

Effector until the set point is reached

60
Q

What happens to inactivation of steroids and amino-acid derivative hormones

A

Small change in structure
Recycled
Excreted

61
Q

what hormones does the endocrine portion of pancreas produce(3)

A

insulin and glucagon
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide

62
Q

What is a transmembrane dimer

A

2 identical subunits spanning cell membrane

63
Q

what is an annular pancreas

A

rare condition in which the second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue continuous with the head of the pancreas

64
Q

What is ICF

A

Fluid inside the cells

65
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Effect of the response to stimulus is to decrease the effect
Effector switched off when switched point is reached

66
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Response of stimulus is to increase effect
Effector not switched off and goes out of control

67
Q

What is required as a signal for insulin to be secreted

A

Intracellular calcium

68
Q

What is required with chemical communication

A

Cell producing chemical messenger
Target cell that has receptors for that specific receptor

69
Q

What is steroid polarity wise

A

Hydrophobic

70
Q

What is the action of a hormone if it can cross the cell surface membrane

A

Bind to receptors located inside the cell
Receptor-hormone complex move
Binding leads to metabolic changes

71
Q

What is the action of a hormones if it cannot cross the cell surface membrane

A

Binds to receptor of the cell surface
Activates second messenger system
Exert metabolic effects

72
Q

What is the composition of the transmembrane dimer subunit

A

1 alpha and 1 beta chain connected by disulphide bond

73
Q

What is the effect of insulin on insulin sensitive tissue

A

Liver and muscle glycogenic
Liver anti-gluconeogeneic
Adipose anti-lipolytic
Liver anti-ketogenic
Increase in protein synthesis

74
Q

What is the function of Ghrelin

A

Regulate appetite

hunger

75
Q

What is the function of the endocrine gland for the pancreas

A

Produce polypeptide hormones

76
Q

What is the function of the exocrine gland of the pancreas

A

Produce digestive enzymes (amylase,lipase,protease)

77
Q

What is the most common control of hormone secretion

A

Control by “Tropic” hormones

78
Q

What is the pancreas divided into anatomically

A

Head
Body
Tail

79
Q

What is the pancreas divided into histologically

A

Endocrine and exocrine gland

80
Q

What is the polarity of adrenaline

A

Hydrophillic

81
Q

What is the polarity of thyroid

A

Hydrophobic

82
Q

What is the precursor of glucagon

A

Pre-proglucagon

83
Q

What is the process of activation of insulin receptor

A

Conformational change in receptor
Alpha chain wrap insulin
Beta chains move together
Beta chain active tyrosine kinase
Phosphorylation cascade
Activation of signalling pathways

84
Q

What is the process of insulin secretion

A

High blood glucose
Glucose transport into beta cell via GLUT2 (facilitated diffusion)

Increase plasma glucose in beta cell

Membrane depolarisation

Influx of Calcium ions

Increased cAMP
Calcium ion trigger exocytosis of insulin containing secretory granules

85
Q

What is the purpose of hormone transport

A

Good for coordinated multiple responses

86
Q

What is the purpose of nervous communication

A

Rapid communication from point to point that is initiated by a chemical signal or a change

87
Q

What is the role of the control system

A

Controls variables by maintaining them at an optimal level

88
Q

What is the role of the endocrine pancreas

A

Maintain blood glucose at a constant and optimal level

89
Q

what is the role of trophic hormones

A

stimulate growth (cell size/number) in the target tissue

Control production of another hormone

90
Q

What occurs as a result of activation of insulin receptors

A

Increased GLUT4 expression
Increased glucose uptake

91
Q

What type of contact when cells are close

A

Local diffusion of chemicals messengers

92
Q

What type of contact when cells are far apart

A

Chemical messengers in the blood
Electrical transmission

93
Q

What type of contact when cells are touching

A

Cell surface chemicals

94
Q

What type of feedback is hormone secretion

A

negative feedback

95
Q

What type of receptor is insulin receptor

A

Tyrosine kinase receptor

96
Q

when is glucagon stimulated

A

Fasting

97
Q

Where does inactivation of hormones occur

A

Target tissue
Liver

98
Q

Where is adrenaline stored

A

Vesicles in adrenal medulla

99
Q

Which hormones must bind to proteins

A

Steroids
Thyroid hormones

100
Q

Which hormones can be transported in the blood(3)

A

Polypeptide
Glycoprotein
Adrenaline

Metabolism (9 decks)

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